Discuss Andrew Jackson’s political, social, and economic beliefs

Andrew Jackson, a self-made man, frontiersman, and military hero, was the first President from west of the Appalachians. He was identified with a new kind of democracy—a democracy embracing the entire population rather than only those who were wealthy or owned property. Jackson was neither an original nor a profound thinker, and did not always follow or understand the principles of the â€Å"Jacksonian democracy† that bears his name.However, he did know to interpret the aspirations and viewpoints of the common people who were clamoring for a voice in government. Jackson was a skilled and astute politician, who molded a faction composed mostly of Southerners and Westerners into the Democratic Party. Although politically conservative and a believer in states’ rights, he expanded the powers of the Presidency and was fervently committed to the preservation of the Union.Jackson had a domineering personality. He was proud, ambitious, and aggressive. Throughout his life , his temper frequently caused him to act hastily or injudiciously, and he was often swayed by personal prejudices. However, his fearless, honesty, and loyalty endeared him to wide sections of populace. His influence was felt well beyond his two terms, and the period from his election of that of Abraham Lincoln is often referred to as the â€Å"Age of Jackson. †

Car Maintenance Essay

Care and Maintenance Tips Keep Your Car Running in Top-Notch Condition We’ve compiled our best expert advice, surprising tricks, and car care tips to prolong the life of your automobile! 1. Be patient during the break-in period You’ve bought your dream car and now you want to make it last at long as possible in top condition. Here are some things to remember as you pull it out of the dealer’s lot: * During the break-in period, typically the first 1,000 miles (1,600 km), keep your speed under 55 mph (88 kpm) or to the speed recommended by your car’s manufacturer. * Avoid heavy loads on the drive train, such as towing trailers, and loading the roof rack or trunk with heavy construction materials. * Do not allow your new car to idle for long periods — this is good advice for the life of your car, but especially during breakin. The oil pressure generated by doing so may not be sending oil to every part of your engine. * Use only light to medium acceleration, keeping the engine rpms below 3,000 for the first few hours of driving. 2. Drive with care everyday Being car considerate shouldn’t stop after the break-in. Drive with care every day and your car will reward you with longer intervals without repair. * Do not race your car’s engine during start-up.This is a quick way to add years of wear to your engine, especially if it’s cold outside. * Accelerate slowly when you begin your drive.The most wear to the engine and drive train occurs in the first ten to twenty minutes of operation. * Warming the engine by letting it idle in the driveway is not a smart idea.The engine doesn’t operate at its peak temperature, resulting in incomplete fuel combustion, soot deposits on cylinder walls, oil contamination, and ultimately damaged components. * Put less strain on your engine and automatic transmission by shifting to neutral at red lights. Otherwise, the engine is still working to push the car even while it’s stopped. * Avoid driving at high speeds and accelerating quickly, especially when it’s very hot o r very cold outside. Such driving behavior will result in more frequent repairs. * Extend the life of your tires with careful driving. Observe posted speed limits. Avoid fast starts, stops, and turns. Avoid potholes and objects on the road. Don’t run over curbs or hit the tire against the curb when parking. And, of course, don’t burn  rubber. * When turning your steering wheel, don’t hold it in an extreme right or left position for more than a few seconds. Doing so can damage the power-steering pump. * Consolidate your short driving trips. Most of the wear and tear — as well as the pollution your car generates — takes place in the first few minutes of driving. Doing several errands at once, during low traffic hours if possible, will keep your engine happier longer. 3. Buy gas at reputable service stations Ask whether the gas you buy is filtered at the pump and if the station has a policy about changing the pump filters regularly. If you get a song and dance, find another gas station. Some stations don’t have pump filters, making you more vulnerable to dirty gasoline. Other stations may not mix alcohol and fuel properly — or worse, water down their product. Find a station you trust and stick to it. 4. Don’t fill up if you see the tanker If you happen to see a gasoline tanker filling the tanks at your local gas station, come back another day or go to a different station. As the station’s underground tanks are being filled, the turbulence can stir up sediment. Sediment in your gas can clog fuel filters and fuel injectors, causing poor performance and possibly necessitating repairs. 5. Go easy when you’re stuck When stuck in mud or snow, don’t make the problem worse by damaging an expensive component. Gently rocking in an attempt to free the car is fine. But if it looks as though you’re really stuck, don’t keep at it. Throwing your car from forward to reverse repeatedly, as well as spinning tires at high speeds, can generate lots of heat and spell trouble for transmissions, clutches, and differentials. It may be cheaper in the long run to call the tow truck rather than risk big repair bills down the road. It’s a good idea to carry a traction aid in the trunk, such as sand, gravel, or cat litter. 6. Lighten up your key chain Does your car key share a chain with a dozen or more other keys? That’s a pretty heavy load hanging off the car key when it’s in the ignition.The weight, combined with bouncing while you drive, can wear out the tumblers  inside the ignition and eventually lead to ignition switch failure.To add years of service to your ignition switch, purchase a lightweight key chain that allows you to separate your ignition key from the others. Drive with only the ignition key in your ignition. If your ignition key â€Å"sticks† when you try to turn on the car, it’s a warning that your ignition switch is about to fail. Replace it before you get stranded. 7. Choose a good car insurer Sometimes, no matter how careful you are, disaster inevitably strikes — typically in the form of an accident. Make sure that your car will be repaired to the best possible standard by finding an insurer that will pay for parts from the original manufacturer and guarantee the repairs it authorizes. 8. Keep an auto log Keep a pad and pencil in the glove compartment and use them to record your gas fill-ups and mileage. If you notice that your gas mileage worsens, mention it to your service man. It may be an early warning sign that something is wrong with your car. 9. Preserve your car during long-term storage If you are not going to use your car for more than a month, store it properly to prevent unnecessary damage and repairs upon your return. * Fill the gas tank to help prevent condensation from accumulating in the gas tank. Add a fuel stabilizer and drive the car around a bit to distribute the additive to engine parts. * Wash and wax the car thoroughly to protect the finish. * Place a vapor barrier on your garage floor. A 4-mil polyethylene drop cloth will do. * Disengage the parking brake to help avoid brake corrosion. * Put the car on jack stands to take the weight of the vehicle off the wheels and tires. * Disconnect and remove the battery to keep it from draining. Place the battery on a trickletype charger. Or periodically drain the battery, using a small light bulb, and then recharge it with a low-volt charger. * Plug the tailpipe with a rag to prevent moist air from infiltrating into it. Car Interior 10. Park in the shade Of course, a garage is always the ideal place to park your car. But if one isn’t available, minimize interior damage from UV sunlight and heat by always trying to park your car in the shade. If no shade is available or if you find parking under a tree results in bird droppings, use a car shade to minimize the sun’s impact. As a bonus, you’ll have a cooler car to step into on hot sunny days. Car shades come in two basic types: those that you unfold and place on the front windshield and rear window, or pleated types that attach to the windshield posts (with adhesive), window frames (with Velcro), or the windows themselves (with suction cups). 11. Clean the inside, too Vacuum and sponge your interior every time you wash your car. Dirt particles are abrasive, and spilled liquids, such as soda, can be corrosive.Vacuum your interior thoroughly with a powerful vacuum (small cordless models are generally too weak). Use the appropriate wand heads when vacuuming. The bare metal wand can mar and scratch surfaces. Sponge vinyl surfaces clean with a solution of mild detergent and water. 12. Clean dash gauges carefully Use a soft damp cloth to lightly wipe dust from the clear plastic lenses on your dashboard. Too much pressure will scratch them. Too many scratches can make it difficult to read your gauges under certain lighting conditions. 13. Let floor mats take winter’s beating Use floor mats to protect carpeting. The best type for controlling salt, slush, and mud in winter are rubber wafflestyle mats. They stay in place, don’t allow the water to seep through, and are easy to wash clean. Carpet-style mats are helpful, too. Shake, vacuum, or wash as needed; replace them as they wear through. 14. Blast mats with the hose When washing your car, drag out the rubber or carpet floor mats and blast them with the hose.This will dislodge dirt particles that, if allowed to build up, will grind holes in your mats. Let the mats dry thoroughly in the sun before reinstalling them. 15. For stubborn carpet or mat stains After vacuuming floor mats or interior carpeting, apply foam rug cleaner to resistant stains as directed by the maker. Work the foam into a few square feet at a time, using a wet sponge or brush. Vacuum when dry. 16. Preserve door and window seals Wipe a rubber protectant (such as Armor-All) or silicone on door and window weatherstripping to keep it in good condition. Don’t use an oilbased product, such as WD-40, because the oil will damage the rubber. Regular cleaning and treatment of your car’s weatherstripping will also lessen the likelihood of your door sticking to its rubber seal in cold weather, a common cause of damage to the rubber. 17. Fix bad weatherstripping immediately If your weatherstripping is letting rainwater leak into the interior of your car, take a look at it and decide if you can repair it or if it needs to be replaced. Small leaks can be handled with brush-on seam sealers. Resecure loose sections, not otherwise damaged, with trim adhesive. Torn sections may be repaired with special caulking available at auto parts stores. You may also be able to extend the life of worn-but-intact sections by inserting foam rods, available at automotive stores, into the hollow section of the weatherstripping. If you decide to replace entire sections of gasket, don’t simply buy generic stuff such as you’d use around the house. Buy a product that matches your car’s original weatherstripping — it’s available in a wide variety of profiles from dealerships and automotive mail-order catalogues. 18. Keep leather from drying out and cracking Leather cars seats are durable and don’t require a lot of maintenance. After a few years, however, the seats can become soiled. Use a leather cleaner to remove dirt and stains.Then apply a leather protectant formulated for pigmented or top-coated grain leather (the leather used for most leather car upholstery). Protectants will resist stains and make the upholstery easier to clean in the future. Choose a protectant that includes conditioners to keep your leather supple. 19. Use upholstery cleaners on soiled seats The same upholstery cleaners you use at home can be used on your car’s  upholstery. Use them sparingly, however, to avoid saturating the fabric. Use a clean cloth to wipe away the foam. On velour seats, brush the fibers gently to avoid matting them and to preserve the original texture of the fabric. 20. Renew fabric upholstery Spraying fabric car seats and carpets with a fabric protectant, such as Scotchgard, will make them resist dirt and stains, and make them easier to clean. Thoroughly clean the fabrics before using one of these products and then test the product on an inconspicuous place to be sure the treatment will not discolor the fabric. 21. Place a towel under baby seats All manner of food bits and liquids can accumulate under a baby seat, where they can permanently stain the upholstery. Place a sheet of heavy plastic and an absorbent towel under the seat to prevent damage, and re-secure the seat according to the manufacturer’s directions. 22. Protect car paint from the sun Paint does more than make your vehicle look great. It’s also the first line of defense against rusted body panels. Of course, the best way to protect the paint is to park the car in a garage. If that is not possible, park in the shade or purchase a car cover. The sun’s ultraviolet rays break down paint and cause it to fade. Some car covers protect your car from more than sun, moisture, bird droppings, and dust — they also have a thin layer of cushioning that will guard against light impact, such as from a tipped bicycle or small falling tree branch. 23. Touch up nicks sooner rather than later Touch-up paint won’t adhere well to rust. So be sure to keep some matching touch-up paint on hand so you can touch up any minor nicks, often found around door edges, before rust has a chance to form. 24. Tape saves light covers A cracked taillight or turn-signal cover, if left alone, may allow your light compartment to fill with water and cause some real damage. A good short-term fix is to tape over the crack. Use the red or orange tape that’s made for  this purpose.You can purchase it at many automotive parts stores. 25. Avoid light fixture problems When changing a bad bulb, clean dirty or corroded sockets with fine steel wool or a small wire brush.Wipe the socket clean of debris before installing the new light bulb. 26. Fix small windshield chips Got a rock chip, crack, or ding in your windshield? Bring your car to a windshield repair shop. For far less cost than replacing the windshield, they can fix chips and cracks, even quite long ones. The repairs not only keep the chips and cracks from spreading and restore structural integrity, they also improve clarity. 27. Fill with washer fluid only Don’t add water to the windshield washer reservoir. It won’t clean as well as washer fluid, and it may freeze in cold weather and damage the system. Don’t try to run your windshield washer system once you suspect there’s no more fluid in the tank, or you may damage the washer fluid pump. 28. Fix the washer fluid tank Cracked washer-deicer fluid tanks are fairly common once a car is of a certain age. A good remedy — until you can buy a new tank or find one at the junkyard — is to insert a plastic freezer bag into the tank and fill it with the washer fluid. 29. Don’t try to carry too much Never exceed your car’s roof load specifications or weight limits.You can find them in your vehicle owner’s manual. Check the weight limitation of your roof rack as well. Typically the range is from 150 to 200 pounds (68 to 90 kg). That’s the equivalent of eighteen 8-foot 2 x 4s (2.4-meter 38 x 89s) or three sheets of 3/4-inch (17-mm) plywood. If you have to deliver a heavy load from the home or garden center, consider having it delivered. It will save wear and tear on you as well as your car. 30. Keep an old blanket handy Protect your car’s roof from scratches with an old blanket before tying lumber, bicycles, or luggage to your roof rack. 31. Secure loads to avoid dents and scratches The beginning of the end for the finish on many cars and trucks — and for wagon and hatchback interiors for that matter — is an improperly stowed load. Invest in the appropriate racks for bicycles, cargo, and luggage. A good trick to keep tall objects from sliding around in a pick-up truck bed is to use a shower curtain rod (or two) as a brace. Just push the cargo against the front wall of the truck bed and install the rod behind it. Twist to secure. Cargo nets will also help keep objects from banging around and damaging a truck bed. 32. Inspect wheel-well splashguards These guards, however flimsy on many of today’s cars, help keep water and winter’s salty slush from splashing up into the engine compartment, where it can damage sensitive electrical components. Unfortunately, these guards tear off easily — sometimes without the driver knowing it. Check for damage to these guards when you wash your car. Re-secure with the appropriate fasteners or replace as needed. As added protection from splashed-up muck, slush, and debris, install mud flaps (also called splash guards) on your vehicle. 33. Wash in winter, too If you rarely wash your car during messy winter weather, you are not alone.The cars you see on the road make it obvious that lots of folks figure,†Why bother? The car is going to look awful the next time I drive it.† The problem with this thinking is that washing is more important in the winter than other times of the year. All that sand, slush, and ice mixed with road salt is exactly what makes your car rust.The fastest corrosion occurs when the temperature repeatedly rises above and then falls below freezing. Especially during the messy months, be sure to rinse the undercarriage and hard-to-reach areas that are susceptible to rust, such as the bumpers and inside the wheel wells. If the temperature outside is going to stay above freezing long enough for your car and driveway to dry, fill a bucket with warm water and tackle the job at home. If not, pay a visit to your local car wash and be sure they dry the car thoroughly. 34. Wax to protect your car’s paint job No way around it! Waxing your car is work. But it’s satisfying work that will help keep your car looking new. Car wax preserves paint by slowing oxidation  and forming a barrier against bird droppings, sap, and pollution. Plus driving a nice shiny car is just plain fun. Here’s what to do to ensure the maximum in protection: * Liquid and spray waxes are tempting to use — they make the car shiny with less work than rubbing in paste wax. But there’s still no beating paste wax for the hardest, longest-lasting finish. Look for paste with a high carnauba wax content. * Apply a thin, even coat of wax to the car’s surfaces with a damp sponge. Avoid applying too much, or it will be difficult to remove and some residue will inevitably mar your finish. * To avoid fine scratches, use a clean, soft cotton or microfiber cloth to remove wax once it has dried. * Apply an extra coat of wax to the nose and hood. The wax film in these areas wears away quickly. 35. Give your car a new skin New self-adhering urethane films have been developed to protect the most vulnerable painted areas on your car from stone chips and other minor abrasions.You can wash and wax these surfaces, just as you would the rest of the paint job. While it’s best to have these films professionally installed, you can peel them off yourself. One product is made by 3M, and you can learn more by going to 3m.com and searching for Scotchgard Paint Protection Film Solutions. 36. Don’t let tools mar your car’s finish If you plan to service and make repairs to your car, invest in a fender cover. It drapes over your fender, providing a safe place to rest your tools without causing scratches. It will also prevent your belt buckle from marring your paint as you lean into the engine compartment to work. Tires, Wheels, and Brakes 37. Keep the caps on You step out into driveway ready to start your morning commute only to discover a flat tire. How in the heck did that happen overnight? If the tire valve is missing its cap, the culprit might be a leaky valve. Those little caps keep out dirt and moisture that can cause leaks, so be sure to keep caps on all your tire valves. Another tip: When you replace tires, remind  the tire shop that you expect new valves with the tires. 38. Maintain proper inflation Under-inflated tires are a tire salesman’s best friend. They create excessive heat and stress that can lead to tire failure. If you want to get every last mile out of your tires, get yourself a tire pressure gauge and use it at least once a month (more in hot weather) to keep your tires inflated to the recommendation in the vehicle’s owner’s manual. Check tires when they are cold (driven for less than one mile) for an accurate reading. 39. Beware the wet thumb If you top off your tires at a service station, check to see if there’s moisture coming from the air pump. Simply depress the pin inside the inflator valve with your thumbnail. If your thumb gets wet, advise the station manager that his tanks need to be drained and go to a different station. Moisture, trapped inside a tire, can cause pressure variations and corrode rims. 40. Check for uneven wear Check tires for uneven wear. If you’ve maintained tire inflation properly, uneven wear may indicate the need for a wheel realignment. It can also mean improperly operating brakes or shocks, a bent wheel, internal tire damage, or worn bushings. 41. Check tread for safety Most states require tires to be replaced when they have worn down to 1/16-inch (1.5 mm) of remaining tire depth. Tires sold in North America are required to have â€Å"wear bars† molded into them to make it easy to see when tire replacement is legally required. However, if you’ll be driving in the rain, you should change your tires when there is 1/8-inch (3 mm) of tread left. Otherwise, water may not escape from under your tires fast enough and you risk hydroplaning — a dangerous situation in which your car loses traction and literally floats on the water. Stick an American quarter between the treads in several places. If part of Washington’s head is always covered, you have enough tread to drive in the rain. If you drive in snow, you’ll need at least 3/16-inch (5 mm) of tread to get adequate traction. Stick an American penny between the treads. If the top of the Lincoln  Memorial is always covered, you’re ready for winter driving. 42. Rota te your tires Rotating your tires helps to distribute tire wear evenly and ensures that you’ll get the maximum road life out of them. The first rotation is especially important.Your owner’s manual should specify both rotation period and pattern. If not, rotate your tires every 6,000 to 7,500 miles (9,700 to 12,000 km) — your tire dealer should know the correct pattern of tire rotation. 43. When temperatures affect tire inflation When outside temperatures drop or soar, tires tend to lose pressure. A drop of 10 degrees F (6 degrees C), in fact, will decrease a tire’s air pressure by 1 or 2 pounds.Tires can lose even more air in hot weather. Under-inflated tires can result in accelerated wear and poor driving performance. If you live in a place where temperatures vary a lot, check your tire pressure often and add air as needed. 44. Buy used tires If you own a car that you plan to drive only for another year, the last thing you want to do is to buy a new set of tires. If it’s time to replace those tires though, it’s really time. Rather than hesitate, buy a set of used tires. Call local tire dealers to see what’s available. You’ll be surprised by how much wear is left in tires that are turned in by image-conscious car owners. Have your tire size handy. 45. Use wheel cleaner Your car’s wheels are down there on the road, taking the brunt of road dirt. Add in the dust that wears off your brake pads and you’ve got a formula for stains that are tough to remove when you wash your vehicle. Car-washing liquid won’t do the job.You need a wheel cleaner specifically formulated to remove such stains. Be sure to buy the correct formulation. Some cleaners are designed for metal wheels, and others for painted or clear-coated wheels.The metal wheel cleaners come in various formulations as well, depending upon whether your metal wheel has a satin, aluminum, or chrome finish. Protect metal wheels with wheel polish, painted wheels with a coat of wax. 46. Lube your lug nuts Lug nuts, if not lubricated occasionally, can seize or â€Å"freeze† to the studs due to corrosion. Repairing them can be expensive. Having to call a tow truck for a flat you can’t remove is even more expensive.The next time you change or rotate your tires, pick up some anti-seize lubricant at your local auto supply store. Clean the stud threads with a wire brush and wipe them with the lubricant. It’s formulated to prevent the lug nuts (spark plugs, too) from seizing and won’t allow them to loosen as you drive, the way other lubricants might. If a lug nut does freeze to a stud, try spraying the nut and stud with WD-40 or Liquid Wrench. Allow it to penetrate for 10 or 20 minutes. Use a heat gun to apply heat.Then use a ratchet wrench to remove the lug. 47. Hang on to your hubcaps Clang, clang, clang! There goes your hubcap,rolling off to destination unknown. Hubcaps, wheel covers, and center caps can pop off your car’s wheels as you’re driving if they were not reinstalled correctly, have loosened over time, or if they were damaged by being jammed against a curb while parking. Here are some things you can do to keep these expensive parts on the car: * If your older metal hubcap has loosened, remove it and pry the metal clips outward slightly. This should fix the problem. * Newer plastic-type hubcaps and some wheel covers are usually held in place by a retaining wire ring that snaps into tabs on the wheel. When installing such a cap or cover, take care that you do not bend or break the tabs. * One way to make sure your expensive hubcaps aren’t damaged by a repair shop is to remove them yourself before taking your car in for a repair that requires wheel removal, such as a brake job or new tires. When reinstalling hubcaps, rest the hubcap in place and then tap it gently with a rubber mallet. Don’t hit the hubcap hard, or you might break the clips underneath. If you prefer to have your repair person remove the covers, check to make sure they were reinstalled properly.They should look even and flush. 48. Have wheel alignment checked Have your car’s wheel alignment checked every 30,000 miles (48,000 km), or as recommended in your owner’s manual. Also have it checked after buying new tires and when you replace a rack-and-pinion steering unit or other steering parts. Improper tire alignment will shorten the life of your tires as well  as cause poor handling. If your steering is stiffer than normal or the vehicle pulls to one side, you probably have an alignment problem. 49. Top off your brake fluid Check brake fluid monthly.Wipe dirt from the master cylinder lid before you open it. If you need fluid, add the type recommended by your car’s maker. Never substitute other fluids, such as transmission or power-steering fluid. And don’t use brake fluid from a previously opened container. Once exposed to air, brake fluid absorbs moisture and contaminates easily. 50. Care for anti-lock brakes An anti-lock brake system is sensitive to moisture, which can ruin the expensive ABS pump and rot the brake lines from the inside. Since brake fluid attracts moisture, it should be â€Å"bled† or purged at least every three years, or as specified in your owner’s manual. Car Engine and Other Systems 51. Check engine oil at every other fill-up For an accurate reading, follow this procedure: * Run or drive your car for about 15 minutes to warm the oil; then park the car in a level place.Turn off the engine and wait 15 minutes to allow the oil in the engine to drain back to the oil pan. * Remove the dipstick and wipe it clean with a paper towel or rag. Reinsert the dipstick, being sure to push it in all the way, then pull it out again to check the oil level. It should be somewhere between the hash marks on the dipstick. * Add the type and amount of oil as specified in your owner’s manual, if necessary. 52. Change oil frequently Your dad knew that frequent oil changes were key to keeping his Buick on the road another year. And while owner’s manuals for today’s cars recommend increasing long intervals between oil changes, the fact remains — frequent changes flush abrasive dirt and metal particles out of the engine, prolonging its life. Most owner’s manuals recommend a more frequent interval for â€Å"severe conditions.† To maximize the life of your engine, follow the severe intervals recommendations, especially if drive regularly in  stop-and-go traffic. 53. Avoid overfilling your crankcase with oil Don’t overfill your engine crankcase with oil. If you do, the oil can rise into the crankshaft, where air bubbles will get churned into the oil.Your oil pump can’t do a good job of circulating oil with air bubbles. The result can be overheating and stress on engine components. Overfilling can also foul your sparkplugs. In fact, overfilling is a bad idea with all automotive fluids. 54. Wipe oil pan plug clean If you do your own oil changes, clean the drain plug and washer with rags before reinstalling your oil pan. Some plugs are magnetized to trap metal particles. 55. Don’t forget the filters There are several filters (the main ones are oil, fuel, transmission, and air) important to preserving your car engine, and they should be changed according to the schedule in your owner’s manual or as follows: * Change the oil filter at least at every other oil change — every change is even better because the old filter contains nearly a quart of dirty oil that will remain with the new, clean oil. If you change your oil yourself, wipe the filter threads with an anti-seize lubricant, available at auto supply stores. * Check the air filter every two months and replace it when dirty or as part of a tune-up. Air filters are generally easier to get to than oil filters.You find them under the big metal lid in a carbureted engine or in a rectangular box in a fuelinjected engine — check your owner’s manual for the exact location. Extend the life of air filters by blowing them clean with compressed air. * Despite claims by makers and dealers that some newer fuel filters never need changing, it’s smart to have it done once a year. A clogged fuel filter will cause poor engine performance (hesitation and starting difficulties) and is an early warning that there may be corrosion in your gas tank. * Change your transmission fluid filter after the first 5,000 miles (8,000 km) of driving and every 25,000 miles (40,000 km) or two year thereafter. 56. Don’t forget the PCV valve The PCV (positive crankcase ventilation) valve is an emissions control device on older cars — check your service manual to see if your car has one.The valve recirculates partially burned gases from the engine’s crankcase to the  combustion chamber. Important to a properly functioning engine, the valve should be changed every 30,000 miles (48,000 km) or as specified in your owner’s manual. In addition to helping you get the most from a tank of gasoline, it helps to prevent the buildup of harmful sludge and corrosion.When replacing your PCV valve, be sure you use the correct one or you may damage your engine. 57. Heavier is not always better Use the oil viscosity grade that’s recommended in your owner’s manual for the temperature range you expect for the coming season. Lighter grades (lower viscosity, such as SAE 5W-30), often specified for today’s smaller car engines, will deliver easier starts and better engine protection in winter and improved gas mileage throughout the year, thanks to less internal engine friction. Do not use a heavy grade of oil in cold winter climes or you will risk damage to your engine. 58. Maintain your transmission Change automatic transmission fluid and filter after the first 5,000 miles (8,000 km) and after every 25,000 miles (40,000 km) or two years thereafter, or as recommended in your owner’s manual. If you use your vehicle for towing, change the fluid and filter every year. For manual transmissions, change the lubricant (motor oil or gear oil, depending on the car) after the first 5,000 miles and after every 50,000 (80,000 km) thereafter. Use synthetic motor oil or gear lube for longer transmission life unless the manufacturer recommends otherwise. 59. Consider adding oil coolers If you plan to do a lot of towing and your vehicle is not already equipped with coolers, consider having them added. Aftermarket engine oil and transmission fluid coolers are simple, low-cost addons that operate on the same principle as your car’s radiator. The fluid flows through them, and many small fins absorb and dissipate heat. Cooler operating temperatures of engine oil and transmission fluid can add significantly to the life of your engine and transmission. 60. Spark plugs do need changing The advent of electronic ignition and on-board computers has eliminated the need for regular tune-ups, but you still need to change your spark plugs. Many manufacturers recommend changing plugs every 30,000 or 40,000 miles  (48,000 or 64,000 km) to ensure good fuel mileage and engine performance. Some new cars come with long-life plugs (sometimes called double platinum plugs) that can last for 100,000 miles (160,000 km). If your car isn’t so equipped, make the switch after 30,000 miles. The extra cost is only a few dollars per spark plug. While you’re at it, change your spark plug wires as well. Their typical life is 50,000 miles (80,000 km). Deteriorated wires can cause those high-tech new spark plugs to foul. 61. Avoid hose hassles Check the hoses under your hood every month or two to avoid the hassle of a broken hose while you’re on the road. With the car cool and off, squeeze the hoses. If they are hard or make a crunching sound, replace them. Ditto if they are extremely soft or sticky.With the car warm but off, examine hoses for bulges and collapsed sections. If you find any, the hose walls are weak, and it’s time to replace the hose. Never drive with a ruptured coolant hose, or you are liable to overheat the engine and damage it. Other hoses are crucial to operation of your power brakes and cruise-control systems. 62. Test drive-belt tension Check the tension and condition of your drive belt (or, with many cars, multiple belts) every month. Belts that are too tight can wear out the bearings in accessory components, such as AC compressor, water pump, and power-steering pump. Belts that are too loose will wear out faster and may fail prematurely. Perform your examination before you start the car to avoid injury due to a hot belt or moving engine part. Check for tension by pressing in the center of the belt’s longest exposed run while holding a ruler next to it. If you can depress the belt 1/ 2 to 1 inch (13 to 25 mm), but not more or less, the tension is good. If not, adjust the belt tension yourself according to your car’s service manual, or have your dealer or auto repair service do it. Also check for belt damage, such as glazing (often due to oil leakage), fraying, and cracks. If you spot damage, have the belt checked by a pro and replaced if necessary. 63. Don’t forget the timing belt On many cars, it’s the belt you can’t see that is the most critical. If your manual says, as many do, that you should replace the timing belt at 50,000 miiles, do it! A failed timing belt can, depending on engine type, cause  thousands of dollars worth of damage to your engine. 64. Clean your engine There are several reasons to wash your engine at least every year or two. A clean engine will run cooler than a dirty one. You’ll be more apt to tackle routine belt and hose checks and the like if you know you won’t get covered with grime every time you do so. A clean engine will also make it much easier to spot leaks and to service components. Remember to protect sensitive engine components — including the air intake, distributor, and electrical parts — with plastic bags before getting started. Use dishwashing liquid or other grease-cutting detergents and a bristle brush to scrub engine and components surfaces. Rinse thoroughly. Heavy-duty engine cleaning products are available at automotive parts stores. Follow the directions carefully. You may also have your engine professionally steam cleaned. AC, Car Battery and More 65. Run your AC in winter To keep your car’s air-conditioning system fit for the next warm season, run it a few times throughout the winter. This will prevent moving parts in the compressor from seizing. Also, circulating the refrigerant will help keep the seals soft and pliant. 66. Maintain your car’s battery Maybe the manufacturer says your battery is maintenancefree, but don’t you believe it! Check your battery regularly to extend its life and avoid the hassle of being stranded with a dead battery. * Begin with the simple: keeping your battery clean. A dirty case can actually cause current to drain. Wipe with a damp rag. Use a mild detergent if necessary. * Next, clean the battery posts or terminals. Loosen and remove the negative cable (black or minus sign) first, then the red positive cable. Use a brass wire battery brush dipped in a paste made from a few tablespoons of baking soda and a little water. * Inspect the battery case for damage, such as cracks or bulges — signs that a battery needs to be replaced. * Reinstall the cables, positive first, and coat the terminals and clamps with a thin coating of grease to prevent new corrosion. 67. Some batteries need water If your battery has vent caps, remove them to check the level of the  electrolyte. It should rise 1/2 inch (13 mm) above the battery’s top plates. If it doesn’t, use distilled water to raise the level to 1/4 or 3/8 inch (6 or 10 mm) below the bottom of the vent cap. Don’t use tap water, as it may contain minerals that can damage your battery. Mechanics should check your battery as a part of your regularly scheduled maintenance, but they often skip the procedure. Be sure to ask to have it done. 68. Be kind to your battery If you inadvertently leave your lights on and drain your battery, take the following precautions to prevent damage to the battery and the starter when jump-starting your car: * Don’t risk causing the battery to explode. With both cars off, connect a positive cable end to the positive battery terminal of the dead battery. * Connect the other positive cable end to the positive terminal of the source battery. * Connect a negative cable end to the negative terminal of the source battery. * Attach the remaining negative cable to unpainted metal on the car engine (as far from the dead battery as possible). * Wait a few minutes and try to start the disabled car. If it doesn’t start, start the source car and then try starting the dead one again. * When the car starts, be careful to disconnect the cables in the reverse order. * If the car still doesn’t start, don’t keep trying to charge it or you are liable to damage the starter. Bring the battery to an automotive shop to see if it can be recharged. * Even if you’re successful, ensure a full recharge by hooking up the battery to a charger overnight or by driving the car for 5 or 10 miles (8 to 16 km). 69. Seal a leaky radiator Save the high expense of a new radiator by trying to seal a leak with a radiator sealer, such as Alumaseal from Gold Eagle Co. Available in powder or liquid form, the product circulates in the radiator until it gets to the hole, where it sets up and fills the hole upon contact with the air. Alumaseal may be used to stop heater core leaks as well. 70. Dilute your coolant Your cooling system needs both coolant-antifreeze and water, so don’t pour undiluted coolant into your cooling system. Dilute it with water to the  commonly recommended 50-50 ratio. Similarly, don’t use straight water in your system either.The coolant protects against corrosion and freezing.The water ensures good heat transfer from the coolant to the radiator. 71. Keep your cool Check the coolant-antifreeze level weekly that shows on the translucent coolant-antifreeze overflow tank. If low, fill to the maximum fill mark on the tank with a 50-50 solution of coolant-antifreeze and water. Some coolant manufacturers now sell premixed coolant and water for the motorist who wants a quick and easy way to top off. 72. Don’t forget to flush Coolant-antifreeze eventually degrades and becomes contaminated. Flush it from your cooling system as recommended in your manual (typically every two years; every five years for newer coolants). Failing to do so can damage your radiator, clog your heater core, and cause the thermostat and water pump to fail. 73. Don’t mix coolants Avoid mixing coolants that are different in color. If your coolant is pink, don’t add a green formulation to it. Otherwise, you’ll end up with a thick solution that won’t do its job. Use only the coolant specified in your owner’s manual. 74. Check power-steering fluid Check the power-steering fluid once a month with the car warmed up. If the level is low, have the hoses and pump inspected for leaks. In addition to making your car difficult to steer, low power-steering fluid will damage the power-steering pump. Be sure to use the powersteering fluid recommended for you car.

Compare and Contrast Two Books Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Compare and Contrast Two Books - Essay Example The workers were immigrants at the beginning of the twentieth century and are still immigrants today. Only their nationality has changed. A hundred years ago they were Eastern European and Caucasian. They emigrated from the then economically troubled nations of Hungary, Lithuania, Poland, Czechoslovakia, Romania, and Germany on board passenger ships traversing the Atlantic, travelling third-class or steerage. They entered the United States legally through the main immigration gateway at Ellis Island outside the New York harbor. Some of their number included children and younger women. (Sinclair, p. xxi) Today, they are of Latin origins, predominately Mexican, travelling, more often than not, illegally across the southern border of the United States on foot or by car, truck, or bus. And far more of their numbers are women than one hundred years ago. (Schlosser, www.mcspotlight.org/media/press/rollingstone2.html) The manner in which the workers live has also changed only on the surface, but the deeper characteristics of their lives remain a constant. The location of slaughterhouses in the nineteenth century began in the midst of large urban areas such as Chicago. (Sinclair, p. xxxiii) In the latter part of the twentieth century it was discovered that moving them closer to the feedlots was more economically efficient, and thus they are now located close to stockyards and feedlots in rural, agricultural areas of the United States. (Schlosser, web book) However, moving the workplace did not change the location or living conditions of the workers. One hundred years ago they lived â€Å"Back of the Yards†, in substandard housing within walking distance of the plants. The rancid odor of the plant and the thick acrid smoke of the factory smokestacks were their daily air supply. Organic waste was daily pumped into the Chicago River which also

Pressure Ulcer Prevention Using Skin Bundle Research Paper

Pressure Ulcer Prevention Using Skin Bundle - Research Paper Example Once the skin succumbs to bacteria or sustains injuries from friction and shear, healing takes longer because reduced flow of blood brings nutrients and removes wastes more slowly. Ischemia due to unrelieved pressure is usually observed in the elderly, malnourished patients, patients reduced to immobility because of their medical condition, fecal incontinence, and patients under less than conscious condition (Mauk 2009, p. 501). Pressure Ulcers: Incidence, Prevalence and Prevention In 2004, the National Home Survey reported that for every 10 residents in nursing homes all over the United States, 11% have succumbed to pressure ulcers with stage 2 pressure ulcer as the most common (see Fig. 2). Both whites and non-whites had equal percentage with the males edging the females at 13% and 10%, respectively (Park-Lee & Caffrey 2009). In 2007, the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services reported some 257,412 preventable pressure ulcers as secondary diagnoses at cost averaging at $43,180 for every stay in the hospital. This compelled Medicare to give up shouldering pressure ulcer costs so as to encourage its prevention (Mauk 2009, p. 501). The Institute for Healthcare Improvement has recommended a set of simple interventions collectively known as ‘bundle’ for pressure ulcers prevention in 2003. Hospitals are encouraged to develop their own â€Å"bundle† in approaching pressure ulcer prevention (Paciella 2009, p. 43). The SKIN bundle, which is an acronym for Surface, Keep Moving, Incontinence and Nutrition, was developed by the Ascension Health facilities in 2004. In the succeeding pages a sample of change in practice program is outlined for a fictitious hospital ward called HTMC for the prevention of pressure ulcer using the SKIN bundle. Change in Practice for Pressure Ulcer Prevention Name of Ward (fictitious): East Wing 13 Holy Trinity Medical Center (HTMC) Demographics: 24-bed unit, 10 private and 14 semi-private; Staff is composed of ARNP, RN s, patient care technicians, nutritionists, therapists, and others Scope of Service: Patients in the ward are admitted for the following conditions: strokes and seizures, multiple sclerosis and other diseases that make them prone to develop pressure ulcers. A. ASSESSMENT In the first quarter of 2010, the East Wing 13 of the HTMC had reported 27% incidence of pressure ulcer cases compared to the National Database of Nursing Quality Indicators or NDNQI’s report of 3.8%, for Stage I-IV and 2.7%, for Stage II-IV for the year 2010. This is not a good development, not only because the ward’s statistic paled in comparison with the NDNQI’s but also because the CMS has stopped shouldering costs for pressure ulcers that are acquired in the ACFs. B. LINK The US DHHS recommended several measures in the prevention and care of pressure ulcers. These recommendations can be used by the East Wing 13 to reduce the percentage of pressure ulcer incidence. They include the following : skin inspection of patients at least once daily; skin cleansing in accordance to the needs of each patient; skin care such as moisturizers for dry skin and less exposure to humidity and cold; moisture due to incontinence, perspiration, or wound

Business Marketing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Business Marketing - Essay Example Among this two, the marketers mainly use the concept of adaption i.e. changing the product according to needs of the customers belonging to different countries as various major companies have failed due to use of the straight extension policy. One of such examples could be Google Inc. Google entered in the year 2007 and became one of the leading search engines in the Chinese market. However, Google had been using the same marketing mix in China also. The internet content in China was heavily censored by the government and soon the problems in the form of delays lead to customer dissatisfaction and Google started to lose market share. To make things worse for the company, Google started facing competition from local search engine company Baidu. Google tried to censor the contents but it turned out to be a bit too late and Google had to leave the country. This case shows how important the external environmental factors are important in case of international marketing and how neglecting those factors can lead to heavy prices (Czinzota, Ronkainen, Moffett, Marinova & Marinov, 2009, pp. 423-429). Answer-2 Intermediaries are the channel partners that help the marketers to reach out to customers. Intermediaries are mainly middle –men like wholesalers, retailer, etc (Kotler, 2001, p. 25). From the point of view of the marketers intermediaries are of great help when it comes to market expansion and customer reach. Intermediaries help the marketers to reach to different customers within a relatively short period of time. The intermediaries like wholesalers and retailers help the marketers in breaking the bulk and selling the end product to the customers. Without the help of the intermediaries it would be extremely difficult to reach to the customers on their own. Also sometimes intermediaries may actually have better knowledge of a certain section of the market as compared to the marketers. Hence the marketers can actually use the knowledge and expertise of the in termediaries to gain customer insights. Also in some cases the reputations of the intermediaries help the marketers in case of promoting the product. The importances of the intermediaries become even more important in international marketing. In case of international marketing the marketers operate in alien conditions. The brand awareness of the marketers in the international market is very low. Also the marketers have little insight and knowledge about the customers. If the marketers would look to invest directly in the market it could prove to be of great risks due to the facts mentioned above. Hence, most of the times the marketers look for joint ventures or strategic alliance with some local firms. These firms usually have good insights about the local market. This allows the company to use the marketing and sales of the local firm. In this way the intermediaries help the marketers in cost as well as in risk reduction (Henry, 2008, p. 89). One of the major concerns in case of th e use of the intermediaries for the marketers has been the issue off control. On numerous

Child Exploitation Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Child Exploitation - Research Paper Example This will require due process of law, to determine. The man is only a suspect, at the moment, until judgment is passed in a court of law. It is tempting to believe in his guilt, since it is his computer that contains pornographic pictures of Jennifer and other children. This is, however, circumstantial evidence, until he confesses, or there is convincing, admissible testimony against him, or there is overwhelming, admissible evidence. The pornography is incriminating evidence, but we do not know, for a fact, that these are photos or videos which he took and possibly distributed, or whether perhaps his housekeeper or gardener or best buddy used his computer to do so. Perhaps he is being framed by police. Maybe Jennifer has falsified identification that indicates she is not a minor. Maybe Jennifer’s mother vouched for her daughter’s older age and there was no reasonable clue to suggest otherwise. Maybe he checked her driving license and her Facebook account, as well as her personal website, and they all indicated clearly that she was 19 years old. Maybe this man suffers from Dissociative Identity Disorder and is unaware of a personality behaving in a criminal manner. Maybe he is profoundly mentally retarded and is not capable of understanding the illegality and consequences of what he did, if indeed he did it. Many things are possible and open to speculation, at the moment. It is easy to assume guilt in a case that triggers emotional shock, horror, and disgust, but this is the type of situation in which the community must wait for a court of law to make an official finding. The underlying assumption, contained in this first question, bears some reflection. Are Jennifer and her mother willing participants? Jennifer is 16. This means that in 31 states, she is old enough to give consent for sexual activity. In 19 states, Jennifer is not a willing participant, because she is

Who Are the Spellbinders Identifying Personal Attributes of Assignment

Who Are the Spellbinders Identifying Personal Attributes of Charismatic Leaders - Assignment Example ll need much more; they must put in more effort and have a better understanding of the organizational behavior, which, in the long run, increases the company’s performance. The thing that inspired me about the article is the fact that the author refers charismatic leaders to spellbinders, meaning that such leaders have a magnetic personality and vibrant speaking and communication skills, which inspire the people following them to attain greater levels of success and better performance. This is a powerful article that researches more about leadership, and especially so charismatic leaders. Jung and Sosik (2006), suggest that although numerous researches have been done about leadership, not much has been done to understand fully the difference between a regular leader and a charismatic one. The research revealed that charismatic leaders are more respected. This is because they possess a kind of drive that is not found in just any leader. Such a leader is outstanding, and their performance outdoes that of many other leaders. This is true even in an organizational setting, whereby a company that enjoys the leadership of a charismatic leader attains its goals and succeeds in their endeavors. The main conclusions of this research were as follows; a comparison was made between managers who have high against those who have lower ratings of charisma in leadership. The outcome was outstanding. The results showed that the popular thought that charismatic leaders tend to work harder are self-motivated, and self-monitors are true. Jung and Sosik (2006) concluded that managers who keenly participate in impression management and had more motivation about self-actualization was regarded as a charismatic leader. On the other hand, the two groups showed a common interest in their attitude towards change. It was surprising to note that even leaders who are not termed as charismatic were seen as agents of change, because it is an attribute that has been widely associated with

Motivation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Motivation - Essay Example Although different motivational theories focus on improving employee performance, their approaches differ substantially. As a result, all the models have their unique similarities and differences. This essay focuses on the similarities and differences between Maslow's theory, Herzberg's theory and the Equity theory as theories that organizations use to motivate their employees. All motivational theories focus on improving employee performance in the job (Hoffmann, 2007). As the developers of these theories pointed out, every human resource department should aim at improving the employee satisfaction in order to improve their level of output. Although they propose on different approaches of achieving employee satisfaction, the reality is that their main goal is improving organizational performance through specific ways. They emphasise on different factors that lead to employee satisfaction. As these theories point out, employee satisfaction is the most essential factor in improving em ployee satisfaction in their work places. Increase in employee satisfaction increases their level output to a certain level. Actually, most of the theories insist on the need for the organization treating an employee as an asset. The models provide the criteria for increasing employees’ job satisfaction. ... Herzberg’s theory focuses on motivation hygiene. According to the theory, there are factors that in the workplace that cause employee satisfaction. Whenever an organization puts into consideration these factors and ensures that their full satisfaction, the result is increased employee satisfaction, which generally translates into highly motivated employees. Equity theory points out that the manner in which an organization distributes its resources largely determines the level of satisfaction of the employees. Fair distribution of resources on the organization leads to increased levels of job satisfaction while unfair resource distribution leads to low motivational levels. Therefore, a major similarity between the three models us their ultimate goals that focus on the employee satisfaction and subsequently increasing their levels of satisfaction. Despite their similarities however, the organizations these theories have a number of differences. One of these differences is the ap proaches proposed by every theory in motivating employees. While some of the theories insist on the organization as the main source of motivation, others insist on the employee as the main reason for employee satisfaction. Although some of the motivational theories focus on the growth of the employee as an individual, others focus on general employees in the organization (Hoffmann, 2007). What such theories do not differentiate well is that different motivational factors work different to different employees. Nonetheless, differences in the departments and the hierarchy that employees hold in an organization influence how different motivational factors affect their levels

The Criminal Justice Process Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

The Criminal Justice Process - Research Paper Example On a written complaint to the police by the victim, it is incumbent upon the police to investigate the matter. As a result of police investigation, if it is found prima facie that crime has been committed, the police may arrest the suspect on the basis of warrant of arrest issued by the judge. The police after completion of its investigation shall submit its investigation report to the office of District Attorney. The prosecuting attorney will review the investigation report to determine whether to suspect will be connected with the crime or not (Steury & Frank, 1996). If suspect connects with the crime, he / she may be sent to the prison. He / she remains in the prison until the case is decided by the competent court of law. If released on bail, the release agreement will sign by the accused criminal. The release agreement contains the conditions that accused will appear in the circuit court on due dates of hearings, will not leave the place of residence without the court permission and will not intimidate the victim in any manner whatsoever. If the defendant contacts victim, the victim has the right to report the matter to the court release officer for taking necessary action. The release agreement will be effective until the court decides the case (Walklate, 1989). The case starts when charge document against an accused is filed by the district attorney. Charge document may be in the form of complaint, information or indictment. A crime comes under the ambit of felony where one can get imprisonment for a period of more than a year. The crime committed under the felonies is manufacturing, delivering and possessing of drugs, theft, burglary, sexual assault etc. However, misdemeanor crimes (harassment, menacing and trespassing) are those where an accused cannot get sentence of incarceration of more than a year (Walklate, 1989). First appearance of a defendant in a

A. Critically assess why organisations should implement supportive Essay

A. Critically assess why organisations should implement supportive career management practices - Essay Example With more internal and external pressures to deliver client oriented services, professionals and organizations alike are increasingly pushed either to perform or face the axe of competitive market forces. Both the individual and the organization are all sailing in an expectant climate of taking responsibility for career management and development. Practitioners and researchers are in agreement that effective career management strategies are essential resources for organizational and individual growth prospects. Even though interest in the long-term growth may seem to be a shared objective of both individual employees and their employers, the key to a sustainable success remains the maintenance of sharp skills, which is largely the responsibility of the individual. The adage of ‘working for an employer for a lifetime with career prospects of â€Å"moving up the ladder†Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ seems to be a distant antique memory. In response to the new workplace dynamics, organizational management in the 21st century strives to reward quality services. In this regard, therefore, a working world characterized by globalized outsourcing, reorganization, contract labor, streamlining and downsizing has been adopted to curb escalating costs. As such, those entering the job market can, thus, be expected to have dynamic careers with the ability to serve clients in different organizations during a work life estimated to last for 40–50 years. ... While self-management is an important element of individual independence, it takes a self-activated attitudinal shift to cultivate reliance on oneself from the dictatorial organizational career management systems (Arnold, 1997). Critical self-analysis with a view to discovering inner, hidden talents, unexploited capabilities and career ambitions not only helps the individual to map out a concrete action plan but also creates the impetus towards the realization of one’s own desires (Sturges et al., 2000). Precisely, career self-assessment helps in developing more elaborate ideas on desired goals and how to achieve such aspirations. Contributing to the same subject of career development, Seibert, Kraimer and Crant (2001) are also in agreement that individual career self-management has an immense contributory effect on improving employee outcomes as well as the general success of one’s career. Accordingly, personal initiatives such as career oriented feedback from colleagu es provide a more satisfying level of carrier progress via identification of specific areas that require improvement. Notably, those active in monitoring and managing their career development are more likely to engage in informative career conversations to illuminate paths that better serve to accomplish personal aspirations (Schein, 1993). Indeed, self-assessment through feedback from colleagues informs a deeper understanding of oneself on certain fundamental internal career prospects which, in turn, enhance commitment to a more delivering career. Research into a more satisfying work life indicates that personal careers are most productive when employer’s goals are met (Sturges et al., 2000). Certainly, nothing would be more satisfying than knowing that preset targets

The AG Corps Force Development Update Essay Example for Free

The AG Corps Force Development Update Essay The US Army will undergo massive transformation in terms of modular structure of the war battalion units and the brigade; the Army transformation involves radical augmentation from its Cold War Division (15,000 soldiers) to the Brigade Combat Teams ( 4,000) soldiers and modular multifunctional Support Brigades and sectioning of the fixed headquarters to head Corps/Division and supporting Theater. Such changes will ensure continuity and adherence to the tenets of versatility, flexibility and scalability across the Army as adaptive tactics to the changes in military strategic environment correlated to the current Global War on terrorism, insurgencies in Iraq and adjustment on human resource department (Gallasie, 2008). The introduction of a new tactical transformation in the HR divisiona sophisticated and advance Brigade and Battalion sectionprovides an efficient operations and manning system under Army HRC. In a holistic view, the former organizationsPERSCOM, Personnel Services Battalion and Personnel Detachmentswill be restructured to new unitsthe Human Resource Support Center (HRSC), the Reception, Replacement, Return to Duty, Rest and Recuperation and Redeployment (R5) Team, Platoon and Company Plans and Operations Team, the Casualty Platoon, the Postal Platoon and the Company Plans and Operations Team, the Human Resource (HR) Company Headquarters, the Theater Opening R5 Team, the Military Mail Terminal (MMT) Team, and the discrete BCT/BDE and BN S1 sections (Gallasie 2008). Joint forces between Active Units S1 Section and Army HRC, mandated by Personnel Services Delivery Redesign (PSDR), will organize the existing manning system and personnel management which will include the following plan of action: (1) document the entire S1 section into a single discrete paragraph within all Brigade, HHC MTOE, and recoding Battalion S1 positions as 42-B; (2) new organization previously mentioned above will perform Theater level HR support to the modular Forces; and (3) implementation in the four phases will commenced at the end of FY08 (Gallasie, 2008). The HRSC supports the theater with HR support as directed by the theater and provides oversight of all casualties reporting within the theater of operations and provides technical support to the Postal, R5 and Casualty units as well as providing personnel guidance to G1s and S1s as needed. When requested by the theater commander based on METTTC requirements, the HRSC may deploy to the theater of operations depending upon the population supported. The HRSC support postal, R5, and personnel information flow but does play a direct role in the execution of functions unless otherwise directed by the theater G1. The Casualty Operation Division performs the theater casualty reporting mission, collecting all the casualty reports for the theater and sending to HRC. The HRSC receives technical guidance from HRC and operating guidance from the theater G1. The HRSC is designed with two deployable teams in each division so that the teams representing each function are available to augment other theater-level staff (Gallasie, 2008). The sophistication of the Modular Joint Expeditionary Army provides organization, manning system, equipment, and training to the former battalion organization of the US Army. It is noted that Human Resources Redesign did not actually allocate it’s system of command and troops but rather it arranged it in a manner that it encourages specificity in terms of duties and military work within each newly formed military units. Additionally, military hierarchy was more pronounced which lends continuity to the entire military force. According to Gallasie (2008) such ‘transformation’ will make the US Army ‘more strategically responsive, deployable, agile, versatile, lethal, survivable, and sustainable across the full spectrum of military operations’. He also added that the modularity will provide capabilities to the BCD/BDE Commanders to execute essential personnel services and strength management with organic assets while redesigning and improving theater-level support for postal, R5 and casualty support to the Modular Forces. The structure of the latter create an efficient network connectivity for the tailoring of minimal force structure which will have its advantages in terms of geographic dispersion of combat power along different points of terrorist zones. The concept of the Modular Forces is clearit aims to establish visibility and connectivity between its commands and the component troops. Pilot testing at Fort Campbell revealed some of the several ‘shortfalls’ to the changesadditional workload for the civilians, joint and multinational forces, emergency leave, RR return to duty, reception and other associated problems on replacement, accounting and integration (in AG Corps FDU 05-2 Human Resource Transformation Concept Paper). As Gallasie points out in the article The AG Force Development Update, the personnel transformation is not for changed alone but is a regiment adaptation to the concurrent needs of reducing terrorist acts. While it is true that such sophistication may provide for a more efficient and visible manning system especially during deployment in different geographical locations in terrorism hotspots, a bigger question that we had to acknowledge is how the US Army will deliver the radical changes to the military troops and the time and cost efficiency involve in the HR changes. Will the AG Force Development sustain its objective or will the change give a ruckus to the army administration which will aggravate the problem? Note that terrorism is an ongoing problem and such resolution in the midst of crisis can create potential confusion to the overall administration and likewise its components. This is not to say that the new concept on Personnel transformation is a bad idea. Moreover, the timing for the execution of the concept and its’ immediacy may not be fitting for the current global crisis. Before execution there should be a review on the personnel impact and how the military administration address the problems and the pitfalls associated with such changes. Additionally, there should also be a review on the military technologies and the weaponry involved if such transformation where to take place. Also, ‘support’ extended should be analyzed not only on the basis of HRSC support but other issues as well such as pay and just compensation for services rendered and compensatory damages in case of accidents. Other important points to consider is how the regiment addresses the health and psychological problems associated during deployment to terrorist hotspots. The AG Corps Force Development is far from perfect but given the right adjustment and resolving the loopholes it may provide for a good change in the US Army. Reference Gallasie, D. The AG Corps Force Development Update. The Journal of the Adjutant General Corps Regimental Association, Winter 2005-2006, 23-24.

The Emancipation Of Serfs

The Emancipation Of Serfs From the mid-nineteenth century the pace of change in Russia rapidly accelerated. The decade following the Crimean warrior saw the most dramatic social and institutional upheaval that the empire had ever undergone. Central to the so-called Great Reforms of the period was the abolition of serfdom. The statute of 1861 set the 22 million serfs owned by private landlords free from personal bondage. The fundamental relationship upon which the economic, social and politic structure of the empire had been based was to be dismantled. In 1861 serfdom, the system, which tied the Russian peasants irrevocably to their landlords, was abolished at the Tsars imperial command. Four years later, slavery in the USA was similarly declared unlawful by presidential order. Tsar Alexander II (1855-81) shared with his father, Nicholas I, a conviction that American slavery was inhumane. This is not as hypocritical as it might first appear. The serfdom that had operated in Russia since the middle of the seventeenth century was technically not slavery. The landowner did not own the serf. This contrasted with the system in the USA where the Negro slaves were chattels; that is, they were regarded in law as the disposable property of their masters. In Russia the traditional relationship between lord and serf was based on land. It was because he lived on his land that the serf was bound to the lord. The Russian system dated back to 1649 and the introduction of a legal code, which had granted total authority to the landowner to control the life and work of the peasant serfs who lived on his land. Since this included the power to deny the serf the right to move elsewhere, the difference between slavery and serfdom in practice was so fine as to be indistinguishable. The purpose behind the granting of such powers to the Russian dvoriane (nobility of landowners) in 1649 had been to make the nobles dependent on, and therefore loyal to, the tsar. They were to express that loyalty in practical form by serving the tsar as military officers or public officials. In this way the Romanov emperors built up Russias civil bureaucracy and the armed services as bodies of public servants who had a vested interest in maintaining the tsarist state. The serfs made up just over a third of the population and formed half of the peasantry. They were most heavily concentrated in the central and western provinces of Russia. Reasons for The Emancipation Edict of 1861 In a number of respects serfdom was not dissimilar to the feudalism that had operated in many parts of pre-modern Europe. However, long before the 19th century, the feudal system had been abandoned in Western Europe as it moved into the commercial and industrial age. Imperial Russia underwent no such transition. It remained economically and socially backward. Nearly all Russians acknowledged this. Some, known as slavophiles, rejoiced, claiming that holy Russia was a unique God-inspired nation that had nothing to learn from the corrupt nations to the west. But many Russians, of all ranks and classes, had come to accept that reform of some kind was unavoidable if their nation was to progress. It became convenient to use serfdom to explain all Russias current weaknesses: it was responsible for military incompetence, food shortages, over population, civil disorder, and industrial backwardness. These were oversimplified explanations but theyre some truth in all of them: serfdom was symptomatic of the underlying difficulties that held Russia back from progress. It was, therefore, a particularly easy target for the intelligentsia, those intellectuals who in their writings argued for the liberalizing of Russian society, beginning with the emancipation of the exploited peasants. Nikolai Miliutin, who participated in bringing about the reform, believed that it was necessary to end serfdom to increase agricultural productivity and thereby increase the capital required for industrialization. His friend the legal historian and westernizer Constantine Kavelin, who had good connections with reform-minded relatives of the tsar, maintained that serfdom was the chief cause of poverty in Russia. Although historians have debated to what extent serfdom retarded economic development, what is crucial is that Alexander II and other important figures such as Samarin, Nikolai Miliutin, and Kavelin believed that ending serfdom would strengthen the Russian economy and thereby the country as a whole. As often happened in Russian history, it was war that forced the issue. The Russian state had entered the Crimean War in 1854 with high hopes of victory. Two years later it suffered a heavy defeat at the hands of the Allied armies of France, Britain and Turkey. The shock to Russia was profound. The nation had always prided itself on its martial strength. Now it had been humiliated. In 1856, the Slavophile Yuri Samarin wrote: We were defeated (in the Crimean war) not by external forces of the western alliance but by our own internal weaknessà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Now, when Europe welcomes peace and rest desired for so long we must deal with what we have neglectedà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦At the head of the contemporary domestic questions which must be dealt with, the problem of serfdom stands as a threat to the future and an obstacle in the present to significant improvement in any way  [1]   Defeat in the Crimean war was a profound shock to Russians, and one, which compelled a complete reappraisal of the empire and of its place in the world. It revealed what many had long suspected, that profound disorder was undermining the empires capacity to sustain its role as a European great power. It demonstrated that the army, reputedly the strongest in Europe, could not defend a fortified base in its homeland against troops dispatched from thousands of miles away. It is said that Nicholas I on his deathbed acknowledged the tacit condemnation of his system, enjoying his son to take action to remedy the disorder in the command. The shortcomings of Russias military performance were due not least to the backward stare of her industry and communications and the precarious condition of her finances. She was unable either to manufacture new rifles to match those her adversaries possessed or to purchase them abroad. Much of what was available, including food and weapons, never reached the battlefield over the muddy tracks and dusty post-roads, which connected the southern extremity with the heartlands of the empire. The Emancipation Of Serfs Alexander II was the tsar liberator, the ruler who finally freed the serfs in 1861. He also instituted other important reforms, especially in local government, the judiciary, and the military. Mindful of Russian weakness displayed during the Crimean war and faced with serious economic problems, he hoped the reforms would strengthen Russia without weakening autocracy. Fulfilling such a combined goal however was an almost impossible task, even if Alexander II had been a stronger and more visionary leader than he was. Although the reforms helped modernize Russia, the climate that bred them also fostered discontentment and discord. Reactionaries, conservatives, liberals, radicals, and government officials battled against each other and among themselves. The keystone of the reforms was the emancipation of the serfs, which, by releasing roughly half the peasants from personal bondage while guaranteeing them land, cleared the way in principle for them to become small property owners and full citizens, able to participate without handicap in political life and in the market economy. In practice the emancipation edict stopped well short of doing that. We have seen that the provisions regarding land disappointed most peasants, leaving them with an abiding grievance. Furthermore, though no longer enserfed, they remained segregated in so-called village societies, usually the old village commune, which contained only peasants as members; priests, schoolteachers, medical orderlies and other people who happened to live in the village were excluded from membership. Peasants were bound to these village societies, which held their pass books, until they had paid in full for the land that they were allocated, in a redemption operation scheduled to take forty-nine years; during that time they could not mobilize their resources by selling their allotments or using them as a collateral to raise loans. They were subject to a legal system distinct from that introduced for the rest of the population, they were tried in segregated volost courts, and they were still liable to corporal punishment and to mutual responsibility. The volosti or cantons, the higher-level administrative unit encompassing several villages and perhaps a small town, likewise admitted peasants only to its assembly and its courts. Nikolai Miliutin, who participated in bringing about the reform, believed that it was necessary to end serfdom to increase agricultural productivity and thereby increase the capital required for industrialization. His friend the legal historian and westernizer Constantine Kavelin, who had good connections with reform-minded relatives of the tsar, maintained that serfdom was the chief cause of poverty in Russia. Although historians have debated to what extent serfdom retarded economic development, what is crucial is that Alexander II and other important figures such as Samarin, Nikolai Miliutin, and Kavelin believed that ending serfdom would strengthen the Russian economy and thereby the country as a whole. 2On February 19, 1861, Alexander II signed the legislation into law. The new law was a political compromise between the interests of the nobles and those of the peasants and their supporters, and the government was unsure of the response of either side. The nearly 400 pages of statutes and annexes that made up the new law were terribly complex, but the emancipation provisions can be summed up as follows: The right of bondage over serfs was abolished forever (except in some outlying areas of the empire such as the Caucasus, where separate emancipation legislation came later. New arrangements regarding gentry-peasant relations and landholding were to be worked out in stages during the next few decades. Peasants who had previously farmed gentry land, as opposed to household serfs, were eventually to receive land, the exact amount to be determined by combinations of negotiation, government maximum and minimum norms for each province and the use of mediators. Most of this new land was to go to peasant communes, not directly to individual peasants. Landowners were to be compensated for their loss of lands by a combination of government notes and peasant payments. Peasants, unless they chose a free and miniscule beggars allotment, were obliged to repay the government with annual redemption payments spread over a 49 year period. Significance of The Emancipation Edict of 1861 Emancipation proved the first in a series of measures that Alexander produced as a part of a programme that included legal and administrative reform and the extension of press and university freedoms. But behind all these reforms lay an ulterior motive. Alexander II was not being liberal for its own sake. According to official records kept by the Ministry of the Interior (equivalent to the Home Office in Britain) there had been 712 peasant uprisings in Russia between 1826 and 1854. By granting some of the measures that the intelligentsia had called for, while in fact tightening control over the peasants, Alexander intended to lessen the social and political threat to the established system that those figures frighteningly represented. Above all, he hoped that an emancipated peasantry, thankful for the gifts that a bountiful tsar had given them, would provide physically fitter and morally worthier recruits for Russias armies, the symbol and guarantee of Russias greatness as a nation. There is a sense in which the details of Emancipation were less significant than the fact of the reform itself. Whatever its shortcomings, emancipation was the prelude to the most sustained programme of reform that imperial Russia had yet experienced (see the Timeline). There is also the irony that such a sweeping move could not have been introduced except by a ruler with absolute powers; it could not have been done in a democracy. The only comparable social change of such magnitude was President Lincolns freeing of the Negro slaves in 1865. But, as a modern Russian historian (Alexander Chubarov, The Fragile Empire, New York, 1999, p.75) has provocatively pointed out: the [Russian] emancipation was carried out on an infinitely larger scale, and was achieved without civil war and without devastation or armed coercion. Yet when that achievement has been duly noted and credited, hindsight suggests that emancipation was essentially a failure. It raised expectations and dashed them. Russia gave promise of entering a new dawn but then retreated into darkness. This tends to suggest that Alexander II and his government deliberately set out to betray the peasants. This was certainly the argument used by radical critics of the regime. It is important to consider, however, that land reform always takes time to work. It can never be a quick fix. Alexanders prime motive in introducing emancipation was undoubtedly the desire to produce results that were beneficial to his regime. But this is not to suggest that he was insincere in his wish to elevate the condition of the peasants. Where he can be faulted is in his failure to push reform far enough. The fact is that Alexander II suffered from the besetting dilemma that afflicted all the reforming tsars from Peter the Great onwards how to achieve reform without damaging the interests of the privileged classes that made up imperial Russia. It was a question that was never satisfactorily answered because it was never properly faced. Whenever their plans did not work out or became difficult to achieve, the Romanovs abandoned reform and resorted to coercion and repression. Emancipation was intended to give Russia economic and social stability and thus prepare the way for its industrial and commercial growth. But it ended in failure. It both frightened the privileged classes and disappointed the progressives. It went too far for those slavophiles in the court who wanted Russia to cling to its old ways and avoid the corruption that came with western modernity. It did not go far enough for those progressives who believed that a major social transformation was needed in Russia. There is a larger historical perspective. It is suggested by many historians that, for at least a century before its collapse in the Revolution of 1917, imperial Russia had been in institutional crisis; the tsarist system had been unable to find workable solutions to the problems that faced it. If it was to modernize itself, that is to say if it was to develop its agriculture and industry to the point where it could sustain its growing population and compete on equal terms with its European and Asian neighbors and international competitors, it would need to modify its existing institutions. This it proved unable or unwilling to do. Therein lies the tragedy of Emancipation. It is an outstanding example of tsarist ineptitude. Its introduction held out the possibility that Russia could build on this fundamentally progressive measure and modify its agricultural economy in such a manner as to cater for its vast population, which doubled to 125 million during the second half of the 19th century. But the chance was lost. So reduced was the peasant as an agricultural worker by 1900 that only half of his meagre income came from farming. He had to sustain himself by laboring. So much for Alexander IIs claim that he viewed the task of improving the condition of the peasants as a sacred inheritance to which he was honor bound. Immediate impact of The Emancipation Edict of 1861 The immediate impact of the statute was much less dramatic than this longer-term picture might suggest, not least because of the economic terms and administrative arrangements under which the peasants were set free. These terms preserved, if in milder form, many of the obstacles to economic growth and social change characteristic of the pre-reform era. The principle of the statute was that the serfs would be emancipated with their household plots and an allotment of land, but that they should pay for this land. The amount of land made available to them to purchase should be approximately equivalent to the allotments they had been allowed to till for their own subsistence under serfdom. The government would compensate the nobility immediately and the peasantry would repay the government would compensate the nobility immediately and the peasantry would repay the government with redemption dues spread over a period of forty-nine years. In practice the peasantry allotments were significa ntly smaller than those they had used before emancipation; the cut offs withheld by landlords were particularly large in the fertile black-earth regions and were a source of intense and lasting bitterness. The price the peasants paid was artificially inflated to compensate the nobility for the dues in labor and cash, which they were losing. However unattractive the peasants found the terms of land redemption, they were compelled to transfer from the initial status of temporarily obligated tenants to outrights purchasers if their landlords insisted. On the other hand, where it suited the nobility to retain landownership, they could, until 1881, refuse to embark upon redemption at all. Negative Impacts on the serfs As was to be expected, the reaction to the emancipation manifesto was mixed. Many of the emancipated serfs were confused about the complex new statutes and disbelieving or disappointed when told they would have to make payments (for half a century) for land they received. Many peasants believed that the fault with evil officials and nobles who were frustrating the tsars real intentions. They thought that as soon as he overcame these troublemakers, new, more favorable, legislation would be forthcoming. Before the year was over, nobles reported more than 1000 disturbances, most of which required to quell. In the summer of 1861, alexander felt it necessary to admonish a delegation of peasants: There will be no emancipation expect the one I have granted you. Obey the law and statutes! Work and toil! Obey the authorities and noble landowners! The following selection is from the first edition of the Englishmans first-hand observations and reflections. 3It might be reasonably supposed that the serfs received with boundless gratitude and delight the manifestoà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦in reality the manifesto created among the peasantry a feeling of disappointment rather than delight. To understand this strange fact we must endeavor to place ourselves at the peasants point of view. In the first place it must be remarked that all vague rhetorical phrases about free labor, human dignity, national progress, and the like, which may be readily produce among educated men a certain amount of temporary enthusiasm, fall on the ears of the Russian peasant like drops of rain on a granite mark. Collectively the former serfs received less land than their pre-emancipation allotments. More than one-fourth of them received allotments insufficient to maintain their households-former serfs of polish landowners, especially after polish rebellion of 1863, and imperial and state peasants came off better. Overall the noble serf owners kept roughly two-fifth of their lands, whereas the ex-serfs, greatly outnumbering them, received the rest. And the peasants eventually paid more for their land than it was worth and received land less suitable than that retained by the owners. The economic impact on the peasantry of the settlement and the powers entrusted to the post-emancipation commune is, as we shall see, a matter of fierce controversy. Clearly, the phasing out of traditional dues removed the spectre of increased production being creamed off by the landlord, while peasant security was increased by the opportunity to buy the land. Peasants on crown lands and state peasants, liberated by the statutes of 1863 and 1866 on broadly similar terms to those of private serfs, were able to buy rather more land on better terms. Yet the peasantry as a whole remained in a position of extreme economic and political weakness. Advantaged households might briefly establish a privileged position within their own commune and rent land from the nobility on their behalf. But the containing practice of periodic communal redistribution of land, the heavy impositions of state, the vulnerability of even the most successful household to the vagaries of the climate-all provided major obstacles to the emergence of study yeomen. Most significant was the process by which peasants continued to divide the land of large households to set up new families in their own homes and merged plots which old age and death had rendered unviable. The overwhelming majority of peasants remained middle peasants who, despite gradual integration into the market and a slow rise in literacy, remained in large measure set apart form and subordinate to the world outside. The other Great Reforms of 1860s, affecting the judicial system, the press, and the universities, had little effect on the peasantry. They did gain a minority voice on the new local government bodies (zemstva) set up in 1864, but they tended to view them as an additional burden rather that as a vehicle for pursuit of their own interests. For the most part, their political leverage was still restricted to local instances of illegal resistance and spectre of mass disturbances. Amidst the dislocation of Crimean war and the uncertainty, which followed it, rural unrest had made a significant impact on government policy. Peasant protest had reached a level, which led Soviet historians to identify the period as Russian first revolutionary situation. Acute disappointments at being made to pay for the land they considered their own sparked widespread-an in places violent- protest between March and May 1861. But swift and drastic actions by the government succeeded in crushing resistance. Although below the surface tension remained high in the countryside at once refle cted in and fed by repeated rumors of an imminent real Emancipation the number of disturbances trailed off. Yet in the midst of these economic and cultural changes, the peasants gained no new outlets for their political aspirations. Other hand the Zemstvos (which had limited functions and powers), they had no institutions through which they could express their grievances and seek solutions to them. Even as they were beginning from below to bridge the gap between themselves and the empires elites, there was no sign of a civic nation, which they could join. For such a system to work, however, the peasants would have needed a sufficient amount of land or unrestricted opportunities to make money in non-agricultural employment. Neither desideratum was attained. While maximum and minimum norms were established for different zones, they were not always realized or adequate in all cases even when they were realized. The peasants often lost land, particularly in black earth region- in sartov and Samara more than 40 per cent of what they had previously worked. In such provinces, they were often forced by economic circumstances if not by law to continue working for their masters (otrabotka replacing barshchina in technical terms). In less fertile regions near the center and in the north, it is true, they often gained land, but here the obrok form of payment had long been more profitable for the landlords than labor services, and therefore land was not as important to the erstwhile masters as cash. Alternative View on The Emancipation Edict of 1861 The following selection is from the memoirs of Prince Peter Kropotkin, a student in the corps of pages in 1861 when a statute abolishing serfdom was enacted. I was in Nikolskoye in August 1861, and again in the summer of 1862, and I was struck with the quiet, intelligent way in which the peasants had accepted the new conditions. They knew perfectly well how difficult it would be to pay the redemption tax for the land, which was in reality an indemnity to the nobles in lieu of the obligations of serfdom. But they so much valued the abolition of their personal enslavement that they accepted the ruinous charges not without murmuring, but as a hard necessity the moment that personal freedom was obtainedà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ When I saw our Nikolskoye peasants, fifteen months after liberation, I could not but admire them. Their inborn good nature and softness remained with them, but all traces of servility had disappeared. They talked to their masters as equals talk to equals, as if they never had stood in different relations. Besides, such men came out from among them as could make a stand for their rights

Crash Movie Analysis

Crash Movie Analysis Paul Haggis In 2004 wrote and directed the award winning movie Crash concerning a variety of intertwine experiences concerning racial relations and the levels of socioeconomic status of the varied cast of characters. This movie deal with how humans being contract with actual life situations and tackles how racial injustices and stereotypes effect our society by sourcing a division of customs, disregarding civil and human rights, and representation how racism can source cultural, moral, and economical distress. This comprehensive essay will deal with the cinematic constituents utilized right through the film, and offer a critical examination on the variety of components and methods utilized to generate this powerful and compelling film. Crash is a film that engages more than a few diverse stories and plots that all direct to somehow hook up the characters to each other in a sequence of incidents that occur throughout 2 days in California. America’s ever- rising melting pot is particularly signified in the movie as the viewers are introduced to a black detective of LAPD, two mischievous black car thieves, a white district lawyer and his discriminative wife, a white racist hit cop and his trainee partner, a black director of Hollywood and his wife, an furious owner of Persian shop and his family, and a blue-collar Hispanic man and his adolescent susceptible daughter. The characters unconnected yet interlinking stories were an extremely distinctive and efficient technique utilized to narrate this story in a provoking and extremely appealing manner. The theme of the movie is connected to the variety of features of prejudice. The mainly invasive theme is racism. The white copwhose father lost his janitorial business owing to special affirmative action practicesis fuming at African-Americans. A youthful African-American carjacker spurts the provocative Black Power expression of the 1970s. Stereotyping is an additional subject in the movie. For instance, the white wife of DA’s supposes the locksmith of being a member of gang since of his background. The conflict of cultures is demonstrated by the owner of Iranian store who construes the well-meant comments of the locksmith regarding a dented door as a shake-down for additional money. The subject of class difference is discovered in the distinction of characters. For instance, the African-American director and his wife are higher class in expressions of income and education even as the African-American police officer has afforded his means into a middle-class work and his bro ther a criminal and his mother is a drug addict. The DA’s wife, who exists in the well-off area of Brentwood of Los Angeles, is continuously grumbling in relation to her housekeeper/nanny, a stressed Latina. Cruelty is an additional idea investigated in the movie: a police officer sexually disgraces a naive woman, an HMO envoy erratically deny services to a anguish man, an annoyed man acquires a gun to obtain revenge in opposition to an naive man he believes has offended him, and an additional man is occupied in the contemporary slave trade. In actual fact, the occurrence of people’s cruelty is maybe the majority constant pattern. The stereotyping in opposition to one another is their incorrect beliefs regarding people; particularly about the diverse race (Sole, 2011).On the other hand, nevertheless, the movie as well encloses images of people’s humankind in addition, as the housekeeper approaches to the assistance of her employer, the police officer dangers his life to save the same woman he battered, and the carjacker confers up a prospect to sell a people van-load into slavery. Everybody engaged in the making of this movie added to the cinematic experience. In Crash The preponderance of the actors were most well-known and noticeable celebrities in Hollywood, for instance Sandra Bullock, Matt Dillon, Don Cheadle, and Terrence Howard. These movie stars sneakily carried the film with their sparkling performances and dramatic ability as they naturally contrived in the course of each scene with ease. The realism depicted by the actors fetched to life their characters and in spite of the susceptible and insecure topics in the movies they manage to fetch every character to life, give them their individual exclusive and separate personalities. In the movie the sound employed a contemporary dialogue and advanced every scene from an additional modern viewpoint. When slang terms were required by the characters it emerged to be utilized in a means that prepared the audience understand and narrate, for instance the dialogues amid the two black car thieves as they speak to each other by means of a apparently offensive word in the expression â€Å"nigger.† The country western and hip hop music being played and conversed by the two car thieves are important to the film since they indicate how music plays a large element in defining race and underlining a lot of diverse stereotypes. The songs that were element of the film soundtrack are played at instants that were important to the scene. The outstanding acting was not the merely perceptible constituent that let this award winning movie to connect the viewer. The movie begins with the out of focus shots of the car headlights which might perhaps be setting up the viewers to observe that the film characters will not be what they appear and might as well lack spotlight right through the movie as well. The cinematography about the preponderance of the movie is delicate as the director choose to spotlight additional on close-ups and the rare feelings on the actor’s expressions and faces. There are extremely few scenes where several action is essential to bear the film, however the scenes that do include action, for instance the carjacking attempted of character of Terrence Howard’s, Cameron, and the resulting chase of police in the course of Los Angeles, it was steady with the storyline and essential to the on the whole plot. The viewpoint shots that were utilized in the movie bring the observers additional i nto the action of the movie and decreased the space between the characters and audience. This permitted the a variety of stereotypes and depictions of the characters to turn out to be additional pronounced, and although a few of the stereotypes were a bit decorated as it relates to society of present, the implied realism was in reality deeply influential. Even though the in the film Crash cinematography is rather basic consecutively to spotlight additional on the acting, storylines, and on the whole subject matter of the movie, the editing of the movie is so elaborate that it is roughly offering the feeling of little movies in a movie as the scenes leap from every storyline. In the majority films the cinematography can effectively append credibility to the plot and development of character, letting a movie to have radiant construction and sensual detail. In Crash there are not numerous special effects, or contrasting lighting designs that have any minor effect on the appearance or sense of the movie. The film has several instants of low key lighting and the scene is mostly developed with the urban scenery of modern Los Angeles. Conclusion Stereotypes are not vague since they are all fake, other than since they are habitually surrogated for real depictions of individuals and experiences of life. Crash is capable to deal with a few stereotypes in a way that is interesting, yet thinking provoking by means of constituents designed to generate art in the course of cinema. The means this movie deals with societal prejudices and racism goes past the criticism we might be familiarized to in this age of conventional media and social networking openings, where anybody is capable to sight a huge selection of colorful social comments in addition to liberally express their free opinions. Other than the cinematic constituents used right through this movie, for instance location, the sound, movement of camera, editing, lighting, soundtrack, and the majority prominently the acting, radiantly contributed to the intersect storylines that modestly permitted the viewers to take a deep glimpse into their individual covert prejudices. References Haggis, P. (Writer Director). (2004). Crash [Motion Picture]. (Lions Gate Entertainment). Harris, Philip; Olson, Aaron; Levine, Deena; Shusta, Robert and Wong, Herbert. (1995). Multicultural Law Enforcement. 28-110 Sole, K. (2011). Making connections: Understanding interpersonal communication. San Diego, CA: Bridgepoint Education, Inc. (https://content.ashford.edu)