Anishinabi Clan System Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Anishinabi Clan System - Essay Example These people are also interrelated with a help of any kind of kinship – internal or external. In some cultures the representatives of the clan should be the relatives, they speak about the close and far, internal and external relationships, among their family members the representative of the clan under the study will enumerate all the known relatives; in this system each person had a specific name like the sibling of same gender was named niikaanis. So, we can say that the clan system is not a brand new thing in our world, but the clan system of Anishinabi is very peculiar. During our classes we studied the cultural, religious and historical features of the American clan system. So, let’s take a close look at the peculiarities of the Anishinabi clan. The history of our society knows a lot of examples of the people’s unions, one of which is the clan system. There is not much information about the Anishinabis, but we can find enough to study their clan system. This is the group of people that lives in the North America. It was one of many Algonquian-speaking groups that inhabited this part of the continent now it is the last one that remained. The native inhabitants used to call this land the Turtle Island and created their myths around their native land. These people preserve their culture and traditions with a help of inter-tribal marriages and relations. The Anishinaabe clan incorporates the Odawa, Ojibwa, and Algonquin people, who inhabit the lands of the modern Ontario state. They are related by their traditions and language. To the point, we also have to mention that the whole clan was, and still is, divided into five main groups named: th e Bimaawidaasi, the Giishkizhigwan, the Nooke, the Baswenaazhi and finally the Bemaangik. Originally the whole nation was divided into so-called odoodeman which equals the modern understanding of clans and groups. Each group had its own ruler who was also

Why Chinese Mothers Are Superior Essay Example for Free

Why Chinese Mothers Are Superior Essay In the article, â€Å"Why Chinese mothers are Superior, Chua describes her efforts to give her children what she describes as a traditional, strict â€Å"Chinese† upbringing. ] This piece was controversial. Many readers missed the supposed irony and self-deprecating humor in the title and the piece itself and instead believed that Chua was advocating the â€Å"superiority† of a particular, very strict, ethnically defined approach to parenting. In fact Chua has stated that the book was not a how-to manual but a self-mocking memoir. In any case, Chua defines â€Å"Chinese mother† loosely to include parents of other ethnicities who practice traditional, strict child-rearing, while also acknowledging that â€Å"Western parents come in all varieties,† and not all ethnically Chinese parents practice strict child-rearing. Chua also reported that in one study of 48 Chinese immigrant mothers, the vast majority said that they believe their children can be the best students, that academic achievement reflects successful parenting, and that if children did not excel at school then there was a problem and parents were not doing their job. Chua contrasts them with the view she labels â€Å"Western† – that a child’s self-esteem is paramount Amy makes it clear that the Asian kids are not born smart (For the most part, at least) It is hard work and training from the parents that shapes the children into these wonder kids. To prove her point she lists up a number of things that her daughter were never allowed to do, such as: * Have a play date * Watch television or play computer games * Attend a school play * Complain about not in a school play And so on.. Prohibitions that seems totally unreasonable for us â€Å"westerns†, as she loosely has named us. Throughout the text she covers several perspectives on parenting, which of a few I surprisingly agree on. Most of her viewpoints I deeply disagree with though and is far from my idea about proper parenting. Each time she lists up one of her perspectives, she compares the Chinese perspective with the Western perspective. She does this in a very subjective manner I think. She is very clever rhetorically. At some parts of the text, I actually caught my self being very close to getting dragged towards her side. I found it quite amusing to feel the power of pathos, but at the same time a bit daunting. According to Amy, the main difference between Chinese parents and Western parents is the way they see their children. Western parents believe that respecting their children’s choices, their individuality and always encouraging them to pursue their true passions is the way. In contrast, Chinese parents believe that preparing their children for the future, and..

Cutting Room Management System Economics Essay

Cutting Room Management System Economics Essay In todays highly competitive global market, manufacturers face constant pressure to reduce costs, offer greater product selection, and deliver products faster. Like many domestic manufacturers competing in todays international marketplace, the apparel industry has been forced to upgrade its responsiveness to customer needs. As a result, smaller orders are placed in a more dynamic fashion, requiring the efficient production of smaller lot sizes. Effective and economical production thus depends upon the interaction of many system components, one of the most critical being an efficient workflow control system. The cutting room maintains documents and books for the various cutting operations they perform. Generally the books and registers they maintain are require a lot of manual entries and the timely retrieval of previous records is a problem as these records are very vast. The focus of this project is on the means employed by the cutting room manager to instruct, monitor and control the processing of fabric cutting room and personnel. Documentation during and after cutting is designed to authorize the issuing of materials from store ,control the spreading, cutting and bundling activities, facilitate the analysis of losses and quantify losses against costed values. Cutting room is constantly challenged to cut costs on material usage. A small percentage of fabric saved during cutting can reflect a decent savings in the financial records of the company. The Marker making solutions are used constantly to minimize fabric usage while making markers. Another area where cost cutting can be done is by making an effective cut plan. An effective cut plan will make sure that garments are cut within the limits of the accepted quantity (as 5% extra delivery is allowed by the buyer against ordered goods), the required quantities are cut with minimum number of cuts (saving labor time). In most apparel industries, size mix i.e. how many and which sizes should be combined, in a marker is actually a very complex set of permutation combination. The number of variables possible combinations in most cutting problems exceeds human abilities. This projects aims to defining a system for effective management of cutting room and at the same time connecting it to fabric inventory so that track of the fabric in inventory can be made as most of the times the roll wise information of the fabric in inventory is not known and fabric issue is not made against a cutting instruction. Most of the time the fabric sent from fabric store is more than actual requirement of cutting instruction for a particular day so effective track of the consumption of fabric is not made in case there is no provision of returns of excess from cutting room. So designing of the system for effective flow is a need. OBJECTIVE To design a system which manages the activities that happen in a cutting room. The system should represent a model of cutting room and activities are recorded into the system. SUB OBJECTIVES The system is to be connected to the fabric inventory or database thereby maintaining record of each roll which is fed for cutting. To generate roll allocation plan for the cutting schedule to minimize remnants. To issue fabric against a cutting instruction. Proper Roll allocation comparing the actual material requirement for a production order against the roll in the inventory. Effective management of end bits form of end bits, minimizing it also tracking end bits. Storing and keep record of the remnants generated in the cutting room after the spreading and making them available for further use. Generating of effective reports from the cutting room. REVIEW OF LITERATURE Cut your losses: practical  tips to improve fabric yield  in the  cutting room. Fabric accounts for 25-40 per cent of the cost of making a garment, so controlling or negotiating fabric consumption has a significant impact on the bottom line. In this article Robert Broadhead addresses the process of estimating fabric yields, the complications involved in offshore contracting, and how to be as accurate as possible in predicting/negotiating fabric costs. Fabric accounts for 25-40 per cent of the cost of manufacturing a garment, so accuracy in this area is critical. Its been said a lot over the years, but is worth repeating here: no other single refinement in production can provide substantial cost savings as easily as fabric control. Controlling or negotiating fabric costs has become more complicated as overseas manufacturing and cut-make-trim (CMT)/package programs have grown. Before work went offshore, in-house fabric yield estimates and final production consumption reflected the efforts of the cutting department (either the manufacturers or a local contractors) and was readily known and monitored. However, it is surprising that many businesses do not track the variance between the actual cost of fabric at the end of production and the estimated cost of fabric on the bill of materials. This can significantly impact the bottom line. To have a truly effective material utilization, one need to look at all the factors that can contribute to fabric losses in cutting room. It would be impossible to eliminate all losses in the cutting room, but incremental improvements in material utilization could significantly improve the bottom line. Width Utilization careful measurement of the actual fabric received at a factory typically will show that more than 50% is at least  ½ inch to 1 inch wider than the minimum purchased width. This excess fabric width almost always goes into the trash yet it is usable and, if utilized properly, can save money. It requires the following actions: Measure the width of sort fabric when it is received. . Plan markers by fabric width. Issue cutting orders by fabric width. Marker Marker copies while copying the marker, regardless of the process used, length and/or width growth or shrinkage can occur. Marker growth can be more than 2% in extreme cases, but can be reduced to less than  ½ % with proper machine adjustment. Following points should be taken care of for accurate marker marker copies: In case of computer plotted original makers, keep the marker paper the plotting of the marker in the same environment where the cloth will be cut. Maintain a check marker, plot it at least once a week, measure it accurately to do the required adjustments. While using the ammonia or alcohol method, allow the marker copy to air dry, laid flat for 2-3 hrs, before using I to mark the table. Spread planning It is an analysis of the rolls of fabric available to be spread on existing sectional markers. The result is a plan of how many pairs/plies from each roll should be placed on each marker to minimize remnants. The requirements of this type of system to work properly are: Three or more marker plus remnant marker must be used on each cutting order. The markers must be different in lengths. Fabric flaw cutouts will require recalculation of the remaining fabric roll a resulting change in the spreading chart. The remnant marker is newly included in the chart calculations. It only is used for remnants remaining from the main sections. Table Marking More fabric is wasted in marking the table than in any other aspect of the spreading process. Tables constantly are being marked for spreading where unnecessary gaps are allowed between markers, start/finish line are purposely moved outward and splice marks are elongated. It is strongly urged that markers be prepared off-line by taping the individual marker sections together line-on-line with wide adhesive tape. End Bit Monitoring An end bit is a piece of cloth that is longer than the length required to lay up one complete size. End bits of course will come in all different lengths, and unless you splice there will be pieces of fabric which are shorter than the length of the lay being layed, these pieces should be treated with great respect. They should be measured, have a sticky label attached with the length on it, and then folded and put into piles of similar length to be used on smaller markers later. There is no point in keeping fabric for panel replacement unless there are important reasons to do so, so one must produce garments from all of the available fabric. The off cuts (pieces too small to make a garment) will be used to replace smaller parts of the garments that need replacement. The logic behind this is that if a large panel in a garment is replced then all of the profit on that garment is lost. Cut order planning The dot com way stitchworld It is interesting to note that size mix (how many what size in combined) in a marker is a mind boggling permutation computation but actually decided by the CAD operator or cutting master hypothetically and not through any scientific process. Generally the size mix marker combinations (how many different types of markers are needed for a given order quantity) are generated based on factors like size color ratio. There are some infrastructural constraints like lay height, lay length, working out the most optimum cut plan There are many optimal Cut Plan solutions, induced by interplay of many dimensions. The different, but often conflicting, dimensions are: Less Fabric Maximizing the extreme size-mixing. This is emphasized upon when the order quantity is high the fabric is also expensive. Less Labor Time Minimizing the no. of lays, leading to saving in spreading cost. Fewer Markers Minimizing distinct ratio, i.e. minimizing the no. of markers to be prepared. This is especially useful when one need to commit constant no. of sewing machines workmen for order completion. More Balanced Production Minimizing deviation in layer height across lays. This needs to be done when the order quantity is low the time cost involved in marker making process is more compared to spreading cutting. More Balanced Packing Simultaneous production of garments of all sizes. At times of urgency, interim lots can be sent to the purchaser without waiting till the whole order complete. Heuristics Algorithm The term  heuristic  is used for algorithms which find solutions among all possible ones,but they do not guarantee that the best will be found,therefore they may be considered as approximately and not accurate algorithms. These algorithms, usually find a solution close to the best one and they find it fast and easily.Sometimes these algorithms can be accurate,that is they actually find the best solution, but the algorithm is still called heuristic until this best solution is proven to be the best.The method used from a heuristic algorithm is one of the known methods,such as greediness,but in order to be easy and fast the algorithm ignores or even suppresses some of the problems demands.( http://students.ceid.upatras) Alternative formulations for layout problems in garment industry Before cutting, several layers of cloth are put on a cutting table and several templates, indicating how to cut all material for a specific size, are fixed on top of the stack. The problem consists of finding good combinations of templates and the associated height of the stack of cloth to satisfy demand while minimizing total excess production. considering high fashion clothing which is made by specialized designers in small quantities. It is sold only in exclusive shops. Typically, extremely expensive fabrics are used. The high cost together with the limited demand make it worthwhile to produce with minimal excess production, which is defined as the number of pieces which are produced above demand. Before production, demand data is gathered both from placed orders and forecasts. A demand set for a specific piece of clothing is composed of the demands for all the different sizes. The cloth is spread out in several layers on a cutting table. The number of layers of cloth is limited b y the length of the knives and the thickness of the cloth. For each size a stencil or template is made where all the different parts of the article are placed in the most economic way, such that they can be cut with minimal loss of exclusive fabric A good overview of solution approaches forgenerating good stencils can be found in Dowsland and Dowsland (1995). An application of the apparel trim placement problem is described by Grinde and Daniels (1999). After the spreading, the selected stencils are fixed on top The number of stencils which can be cut in the same operation is limited by the length of the cutting table. Since all the stencils have approximately the same length, the maximal number of stencils on the table is independent of the combination of the stencils used. A feasible combination of stencils is called a cutting pattern. It is quite possible that such a pattern contains several times the same stencil. After the cloth is spread on the table and the stencils are fixed on top, the cutting operation can start. For these high fashion and very expensive garments, spreading of the cloth, fixing of the stencils and cutting are time consuming and costly operations. Consequently we want to keep them at a minimum. The problem is now to find cutting patterns and associated stack heights which minimize total excess production for a given demand. The original layout problem is very similar to the fixed charge cutting stock problem (FCCSP). Haessler (1975) and Farley and Richardson (1984) proposed heuristics for solving FCCSP. However, the second part of the objectivefunction is different. In the FCCSP, the cost of trim loss is minimized, whereas we minimize the cost of overproduction. We need to stress that for our low-demand, high fashion clothing the cost of being near optimal, i.e. too much overproduction, can be very high, whereas for the high demand clothing industry this is not so much a problem. This cost issue, together with the fact that we are dealing with real life problems, justifies our search for better optimal solutions. Farley (1988) described a planning model for a cutting stock problem in the clothing industry. He argues that this problem differs from the traditional cutting stock problem because of the unique characteristics of the production process such as the laying, stacking, cutting and sewing operatio ns. Farley also makes an explicit distinction between high-turnover garment, for which overproduction and stock is allowable, and high fashion clothing, for which stock and overproduction should be kept at a minimum. He noticed that the planning model he described is effective for high turnover garment, but not for the made-to-order garments because too much oversupply is generated. The model proposed here is explicitly focused on the high fashion clothing with little demand. Farleys model maximizes the total contribution margin and takes into account demand and capacity constraints. It is used as a planning tool but it cannot be used for solving our scheduling problem. A problem closely related to this is the cut order planning (COP) for apparel manufacturing, described by Jacobs-Blecha et al. (1998). The problem consists of finding how to spread the fabric, determining how many layers to use and assigning various sizes to sections of the spread. The underlying assumptions, however , are not the same as those here and hence a direct comparison is not possible. COP allows for example different stack heights on one cutting table. The authors adopt a minimal cost approach. They consider the actual fabric cost, spreading cost, cutting cost and the marker making cost. The following constraints are taken into account: demand, a limit on the table length and an upper bound on the ply height. As it is very difficult to solve their model optimally, they resort to heuristics. Their test data consist of 20 orders, with 1-6 sizes per order and are based on real life problems. They conclude that one of their heuristics is as good as or better than the commercial packages. Elomri et al. (1994) also consider a cutting problem in the clothing industry. Their problem consists in choosing cutting patterns and associated heights from a small library of available patterns. The objective is to minimize total operating costs while satisfying demand. A linear approximation of the co st function is used. The most important costs in the objective are the costs for cutting and fabric. Documentation and control of fabric usage. The cutting room maintains documents and books for the various cutting operations they perform. Generally the books and registers they maintain are require a lot of manual entries and the timely retrieval of previous records is a problem as these records are very vast. The focus on the means employed by the cutting room manager to instruct, monitor and control the processing of fabric cutting room and personnel. Documentation during and after cutting is designed to authorize the issuing of materials from store ,control the spreading, cutting and bundling activities, facilitate the analysis of losses and quantify losses against costed values. The large contracts are divide into small but economic batch sizes that are suitable for the processing in cutting rooms.The details of these individual batches are entered on a cutting instruction , which authorizes the issue of fabric and provides essential information for the spreading and cutting. While the cutting instruction accompanies the material during its passage through the cutting room, the situation is monitored by entering data on the cutting instruction record. Management must control both the output of the cutting room, to achieve production targets, and also the various processes to ensure that materials are efficiently used. The fabric reconciliation record provides a comparison of the actual usage and costed usage and reports variances.This forms link between the cutting room activities and financial control projections as materials compromise approximately 40% of the manufacturing costs ,should be regarded as vitally important. Cutting Instruction is the main documentary output of cut order planning process.As a minimum requirement of cutting instruction it should have the following information 1.the fabric to be processed. 2.the marker to be used. 3.the number of plies authorized Fabric usage control The essence of fabric reconciliation is that for each lay a comparison is made between costed and actual usage of fabric,and the variance is reported.This document Plays an important role within management as it ties together what management planned to do with what they have achieved.Fabric reconciliation takes place after the fabric has been cut. Documentation management functions. Managers need to use documents but documents are no substitute for management.A manager who enters data on documents is not doing the work of a manager but is better described as a clerk. Documents are useful only when they allow managers make informed decisions which change the way the activities are undertaken. Cutting problems are NP-hard Thus, only small size problems can be solved optimally. These problems are solved using either integer linear programming or dynamic programming, or branch-and-bound, depending on the type of problem. But most of the cutting problems use heuristic algorithms. Although any given solution to such a problem can be verified quickly, there is no known efficient way to locate a solution in the first place; indeed, the most notable characteristic of NP-complete problems is that no fast solution to them is known. That is, the time required to solve the problem using any currently known  algorithm  increases very quickly as the size of the problem grows. As a result, the time required to solve even moderately large versions of many of these problems easily reaches into the billions or trillions of years, using any amount of computing power available today. As a consequence, determining whether or not it is possible to solve these problems quickly is one of the principal unsolved problems in computer science  today. Because (COP) is NP-complete, efficient algorithms for realistically sized problems will necessarily be heuristic in nature. This insight leads to the need for analyzing (COP) for characteristics that can be exploited for development of heuristic methods. Jacobs-Blecha et al. (1998) describes the heuristics developed for (COP), the reasoning behind these types of algorithm, and justification for the evaluation techniques. Heuristic development is based on the examination of typical industry cases that COP cost is dominated by total fabric length. It explains the experimental design that we used to establish this characteristic of the cost function. It should be noted that in some cases the cost factors that are consider in the model developed may have a significant role in the cost of cut order planning. For example, spreading costs may be very high due to negotiated labor rates; cutting costs may be driven up by manual or equipment parameters; or a large data base of historical markers may not exist, greatly increasing the cost of that process. However, they assumed that the statistical results, which confirm practitioners intuitions, are valid for the types of problem addressed by their work, and therefore the model can be modified to reflect this assumption. Note that under this assumption the only change in the model occurs in the objective function, where all terms go to zero except those involving the fabric length parameters. An alternative method for problem solution is to solve the linear relaxation and check the resulting solution for satisfaction of the integer constraints. However, this approach is not practicable: for realistically sized problems the number of variables prohibits explicit computation. Furthermore, most apparel manufacturers who would use these solution methods do not have sufficient computing capability on site to utilize sophisticated integer programming solvers. Therefore the development of heuristic algorithms to solve (COP) focuses on finding computationally efficient procedures for finding good (i.e., relatively low cost) solutions to (COP) for a robust set of problem instances. They selected two types of algorithm for the development of such heuristics, constructive and improvement. A constructive algorithm takes the input data and builds a feasible solution using intuition, clues from the spatial aspects of the problem, and guidelines found in the mathematical model. An improvement algorithm begins with an existing feasible solution and attempts to change the solution in some manner so that the cost of the solution is reduced while feasibility is maintained. The value of the cost function associated with the feasible solution produced by one of these heuristic methods can then be compared with some numerical bound, or other benchmark solutions. CUTPLANNER CutPlanner is a software package for use in the textile manufacturing industry for automatic cut order planning. CutPlanner takes a customers order for a clothing item and creates a cut plan for that item, including different sizes and different fabric types or colors, which minimizes production costs. A cut plan is an assignment of sizes and fabric types to markers. For each of these markers, the required number of plies is computed to fulfill the orders specifics. The objective of CutPlanner is to minimize total production costs. They consist of the costs for the fabric used, and several production costs incurred by making the markers, preparation of the cutting process, and the picking of pieces to be cut CutPlanner provides two different modes of operation to calculate material consumption: 1. Conventional mode: The user dictates the estimated yield values that specify the material consumption, which depends on the number of sizes in a marker. 2. Exact mode: CutPlanner engages an integrated automatic marker making engine to calculate the real material consumption. Here, the user does not have to supply any estimations: the software runs automatically. Genetic optimization of fabric utilization in apparel manufacturing. In apparel manufacturing, cut order planning (COP) plays a significant role in managing the cost of materials as fabric usually occupies more than 50% of the total manufacturing cost. Following the details of retail orders in terms of quantity, size and colour, COP seeks to minimize the total manufacturing costs by developing feasible cutting order plans with respect to material, machine and labour. A genetic optimized decision-making model using adaptive evolutionary strategies is proposed to assist the production management of the apparel industry in the decision-making process of COP in which a new encoding method with a shortened binary string is devised. Four sets of real production data were collected to validate the proposed decision support method. The experimental results demonstrate that the proposed method can reduce both the material costs and the production of additional garments while satisfying the time constraints set by the downstream sewing department. Although the total operation time used is longer than that using industrial practice, the great benefits obtained by less fabric cost and extra quantity of garments planned and produced largely outweigh the longer operation time required. Cut order planning Cut order planning (COP) is the first stage in the production workflow of a typical apparel manufacturing company. It is a planning process to determine how many markers are needed, how many of each size of garment should be in each marker and the number of fabric plies that will be cut from each marker. Marker is the output of the process of marker planning, which is the operation following the COP.Planning process using commercial computing to arrange all patterns of the component parts of one or more garments on a piece of marker paper,. Following marker planning, the third operation is fabric spreading, which is a process by which fabric pieces are superimposed to become a fabric lay on a cutting table. The last operation is fabric cutting. Garment pieces are cut out of the fabric lay following the pattern lines of the component parts of one or more garments on the marker, and then transported to the sewing department for assembling to be a finished garment. COP, the most upstream activity, plays a significant role in affecting the fabric material cost and the manufacturing cost in the cutting department. Based on the requirements of customer orders in terms of style, quantity, size and colour, it seeks to minimize the total production cost by developing cutting orders with respect to material, machine and labour. In the cutting room, after the completion of COP and marker planning, spreading and cutting are then executed, and the time and costs required for these two operations will be affected by the quality of the cut order plans being developed. A good plan can improve the rate of fabric utilization. The COP usually begins with a retail order comprising the quantities, sizes and colours of garments to be manufactured. The following example demonstrates how a cut order plan is derived. For simplicity, only the quantities of garments and sizes are considered. The details of the customer order are as follows: Size Small Medium Large Quantity (in pieces) 300 600 400 The constraints on fabric lay dimensions are: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Maximum number of plies for each lay: 75 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Maximum number of garments marked on each marker: 5. The maximum number of garments produced per lay is 5ÃÆ'-75=375 pieces and the number of garments required by the customers is 300+600+400=1300 pieces. Therefore, the theoretical minimum number of lays is equal to 1300/375=3.47. This gives a practical minimum of four lays to cut the order. If the order is to be cut at the lowest cost, the lays need to be as long and deep as possible. One of the possible solutions is: Small Small Small Small Small Lay 1: 60 plies Medium Medium Medium Large Large Lay 2: 75 plies Medium Medium Medium Large Large Lay 3: 75 plies Medium Medium Medium Large Large Lay 4: 50 plies An alternative of lay 1 is to have a four-garment marker and to spread 75 plies. This would reduce the cutting cost but was rejected because of the fabric cost since there would be 15 more plies and high fabric end loss, which occurs on both end of each fabric ply (more plies mean greater end loss). This solution has demonstrated that sizes Medium and Large are in the ratio of 3:2. The marker for lay 2 can also be used for lays 3 and 4, thus reducing the costs of marker making. This example shows that numerous other possible COP solutions can be generated. The COP problem becomes more difficult when the numbers of garments and sizes increase. The problem will be further complicated when the parameter of color is also considered in the plan. In addition, labors are needed to operate the spreading and cutting machines. As the fabric cut pieces will be transported to the sewing room for garment assembly, COP needs to consider the fulfillment of the demand quantity of cut piece from the downstream sewing room. Current industry approaches in generating the COP range from manual ad hoc procedures by cut order planners to commercial software. However, many apparel manufacturers are still using rather primitive methods; they rely mainly on the expertise and subjective assessment of the planners to produce the plans. Therefore, the optimal COP cannot always be guaranteed. Commercial COP software is available for use, but the COP heuristics are usually kept by the proprietors as confidential. Apart from generating a COP with the right quantity of garments with right size and colour, there is little room for minimizing material, machine and labor costs. Near-optimal COP solutions to reduce both materials and labour and machine costs using a genetic optimization model based on adaptive evolutionary strategies. The objective is to assist the production management of the apparel industry in the COP decision-making process and improve the quality of the decisions. It has been pointed out that the COP problem is NP-completeness in nature and it is feasible to use a heuristic approach to solve the problem accordingly by using constructive heuristics with intuition start and fine-tuning the solution with another improvement heuristic (Jacobs-Blecha et al., 1998). Roll Planning of fabric spreading In the process of fabric spreading, the variance of fabric yardage between fabric rolls may lead to a difference in fabric loss during spreading. As there are numerous combinations the arrangement of the fabric roll sequences for each cutting lay, it is difficult to construct a roll planning to minimise the fabric wastage during spreading in apparel manufacturing. Recent advances in computing technology, especially in the area of computational intelligence, can be used to handle this problem. Among the different computational intelligence techniques, genetic algorithms (GA) are particularly suitable. GAs are probabilisti

Differing Ideas of Herbert Hoover and Franklin Roosevelt on The Great Depression :: American History

The Great Depression: A look at Herbert Hoover and Franklin Roosevelt Hoover and Roosevelt had very different ideas on how the Depression should be handled. This was almost entirely a result of two integral differences in their lives. Hoover was a Republican, and had basically worked his way through life, while Roosevelt was not only a Democrat, he had basically been born with the proverbial silver spoon in his mouth. As one can easily see, in many ways these two are complete opposites. If one looks at both their upbringing and their political affiliation, it seems that Roosevelt's and Hoover's policies must have been different in a many ways. Hoover was brought up in a poor family, and worked almost his entire life. His father was a blacksmith and they lived in a small house. However, through hard work his father was able to move the family into a much bigger house soon after his birth. He learned early in his life the importance of self- reliance and hard work. In 1880 his father, Jesse, died and four years later his mother passed on. At age 11 he went west to Oregon to live with his Uncle. His uncle worked with him, and later became rich. Hoover had endured a great many hardships in his life, and knew what it was like to do without. With Hoover having and education and a past like his, one would think that he would know how to run the country like a business, so that it would stay afloat. But when confronted with the Depression, he repeatedly cut taxes. Hoover was basically a hard working Republican, and a self made man. He graduated as a mining engineer from Stanford. After capably serving as Secretary of Commerce under Presidents Harding and Coolidge, Hoover became the Republican Presidential nominee in 1928. He said then: "We in America today are nearer to the final triumph over poverty than ever before in the history of any land." His election seemed to ensure prosperity. Yet within months the stock market crashed, and the Nation spiraled downward into depression. Roosevelt, on the other hand, had been born into a very rich family. He grew up with education at Harvard and Columbia Law School, and had everything basically taken care of for him in his childhood by his mother. This gave him a sense of security, of being able to do anything he wanted, most simply because he didn't fail early on.

Learning Theories Essay

Lev Vygotsky, born in the U. S. S. R. in 1896, is responsible for the social development theory of learning. He proposed that social interaction profoundly influences cognitive development. Vygotsky’s key point is his belief that biological and cultural development do not occur in isolation. Vygotsky approached development differently from Piaget. Piaget believed that cognitive development consists of four main periods of cognitive growth: sensory motor, preoperational, concrete operations, and formal operations. Piaget’s theory suggests that development has an endpoint in goal. Vygotsky, in contrast, believed that development is a process that should be analyzed, instead of a product to be obtained. Marcy P. Driscoll stated (as cited in Riddle, 1999) that â€Å"Vygotsky believes the development process that begins at birth and continues until death is too complex to be defined by stages†. The major theme of Vygotsky’s theoretical framework is that social interaction plays a fundamental role in the development of cognition. Vygoysky states: â€Å"Every function in the child’s cultural development appears twice: first, on the social level, and later, on the individual level; first between people (interpsychological) and then inside the child (intrapsychological) (Funderstanding, 2001). This applies equally to voluntary attention, to logical memory, and to formation of concepts. All the higher functions originate as actual relationships between individuals. A second aspect of Vygotsky’s theory is the idea that the potential for cognitive development is limited to a certain time span that he calls the â€Å"zone of proximal development† (ZPD). Vygotsky believed that this life long process of development was dependent on social interaction and that social learning actually leads to cognitive development (Kearsley, 1998). Vygotsky describes it as â€Å"the distance between the actual development level as determined by independent problem solving and the level of potential development as determined through Learning Theories 3 problem solving under adult guidance or in collaboration with more capable peers† (Funderstanding, 2001). In other words, a student can perform a task under adult guidance or with peer collaboration that could not be achieved alone. The Zone of Proximal Development bridges the gap between what is known and what can be known. Vygotsky claimed that learning occurred in this zone. Therefore, Vygotsky focused on the connections between people and the cultural context in which they act and interact in shared experiences. According to Vygotsky, humans use tools that develop from a culture, such as speech and writing, to mediate their social environments. Initially, Children develop these tools to serve solely as social functions, ways to communicate needs. Vygotsky believed that the internalization of these tools led to higher thinking skills (Riddle, 1999). When Piaget observed young children participating in egocentric speech in their preoperational stage, he believed it was a phase that disappeared once the child reached the stage of concrete operations. Driscoll states (as cited in Riddle, 1999) â€Å"in contrast, Vygotsky viewed this egocentric speech as a transition from social speech to internalized thought†. Thus, Vygotsky believed that thought and language could not exist without each other. Vygotsky’s theory was an attempt to explain consciousness as the end product of socialization. For example, in the learning of language, our first vocal noises with friends or adults are for the purpose of communication, but once mastered they become internalized and allow â€Å"inner speech†. Traditionally, schools have not promoted environments in which the students play an active role in their education and in the education of their friends. Vygotsky’s theory, however, requires the teacher and students to play untraditional roles as they collaborate with each other. Instead of a teacher dictating the lessons to students and later evaluate them, a teacher should collaborate with her students in order to create meaningful ways that students can make their own evaluation. Learning then becomes a reciprocal experience for the students and the teacher. Learning Theories 4. The physical classroom, based on Vygotsky’s theory, would provide clustered desks or tables and work space for peer instruction, collaboration, and small group instruction. Like the environment, the instructional design of material would be structured to promote and encourage student interaction and collaboration. Thus, the classroom becomes a community of learning. Because Vygotsky asserts that cognitive change occurs within the Zone of Proximal development, instruction would be designed to reach a developmental level that is just above the student’s current developmental level. Vygotsky proclaims, â€Å"learning which is oriented toward developmental levels that have already been reached is ineffective from the view point of the child’s overall development. It does not aim for a new stage of the developmental process, but rather lags behind this process† (Social Development, 1996). Appropriation is necessary for cognitive development within the zone of proximal development. Individuals participating in peer collaboration or guided teacher instruction must share the same focus in order to access the zone. Samuel J. Hausfather states (as cited in Riddle, 1999), â€Å"joint attention and shared problem solving is needed to create a process of cognitive, social, and emotional interchange†. Furthermore, it is essential that the partners be on different developmental levels. In addition, the partner that is on the higher level needs to be aware of his partner’s lower level. If this does not occur, or if one partner continually dominates, the interaction is less successful. Scaffolding and reciprocal teaching are effective strategies to access the zone. Scaffolding requires the teacher to provide students the opportunity to extend the current skills and knowledge. Hausfather reports (as cited in Riddle, 1999) â€Å"the teacher must engage students’ interests, simplify tasks so they are manageable, and motivate students to pursue the instructional goal. In addition, the teacher must look for discrepancies between students’ efforts and the solution, control for frustration and risk, and model an idealized version of the act†. Learning Theories 5 Reciprocal teaching allows for the creation of a dialogue between students and teachers. This two-way communication becomes an instructional strategy by encouraging students to go beyond answering and discussing questions. A study (as cited in Riddle, 1999) demonstrated the Vygotskian approach with reciprocal teaching methods in their successful program to teach reading strategies. The teacher and students alternated turns leading small group discussions on reading. After modeling four reading strategies, students began to assume the teaching role. Results of this study showed significant gains over other instructional strategies. Cognitively Guided Instruction is another strategy to implement Vygotsky’s theory. This strategy involves the teacher and students exploring math problems and then sharing their different problem solving strategies in an open dialogue (Riddle, 1999). Vygotsky’s social development theory challenges traditional teaching methods. Historically, schools have been organized around recitation teaching. According to Hausfather, (as cited in Riddle, 1999) â€Å"the teacher disseminates knowledge to be memorized by the students, who in turn, recite the information back to the teacher†. However, the studies described above offer empirical evidence that learning, based on the social development theory, facilitates cognitive development over other instructional strategies (Riddle, 1999). School structure does not reflect the rapid changes that society is experiencing. Opportunities for social interaction have greatly increased with the introduction and integration of computer technology. Therefore, the social context for learning is transforming as well. Learning relationships can now be formed from distances through cyberspace, whereas collaboration and peer instruction was once only possible in shared physical space (Bacalarski, 1994). Computer technology is a cultural tool that students can use to mediate and internalize their learning. According to Kathryn Crawford (as cited in Riddle, 1999) â€Å"recent research suggest changing the Learning Theories 6 learning contexts with technology is a powerful learning activity†. If schools continue to resist structural change, students will not be as prepared as they should be for the world. Lev Vygotsky lived during the Russian Revolution, a time of great change in his culture. His theory was that biological and cognitive development does not happen apart from each other. These two developments sustain and grow from each other. This is when learning takes place. Because of this theory, his environment of change was a great influence in his own cognitive processes. Learning Theories 7 References Bacalarski, M. C. , (1994). Vygotsky’s Developmental Theories and the Adulthood of Computer Mediated Communication: a Comparison and an Illumination. Retrieved November 7, 2003 from http://psych. hanover. edu/vygotsky/bacalar. html. Funderstanding, (2001). Vygotsky and Social Cognition. Retrieved November 7, 2003 from http://www. funderstanding. com/vygotsky. cfm. Kearsley, G. , (1998). Social Development (Vygotsky). Retrieved November 9, 2003 from http://members. aol. com/daidpeal/vygotsky. html. Riddle, E. M. , (1999). Lev Vygotsky’s Social Development Theory. Retrieved November 7, 2003 from www. kihd. gmu. edu/immersion/knowledgebase/theorists/constructivism/vygotsky.

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The dueling political ethics of King Lear and Anthony and Cleopatra two entirely different political worlds and ecomonies of salvation essays "Blow winds, blow/ Blow winds and crack your cheeks," cries King Lear in the infamous storm scene that defines the central image of the play, namely the King's madness and utter debasement in the nakedness of the early pre-Christian British wilderness. (3.2) "Where's my serpent of old Nile," intones Cleopatra as she reclines, envisioning her absent Anthony speaking to her in pre-Christian Egypt. (1.5) Lear summons a cruel storm that matches his desperate mood. Cleopatra summons in her mind the vision of Anthony to pass the time while she waits for his return, reclining in When considering these two images visually, one may be at first surprised that they spring from the mind of the same playwright. The cold and harsh world of Lear seems to be strikingly different from the Egypt of Cleopatra. The play "King Lear" depicts a rich monarchy at its onset, which is slowly and cruelly stripped bare after Lear's poor leadership in his dotage leaves his kingdom over to his daughters Regan and Goneril and their husbands. In contrast, "Anthony and Cleopatra" is structured in a series of contrasts. For every scene of a regal and cool republican Rome, a more sensuous, less ordered Egypt appears, demonstrating the two worlds that tear apart the soul of Anthony. As Lear is eventually stripped bear of his kingship, his clothing, his shelter, and finally his sanity and the only child that actually loves him, so Anthony is undone over the course of his own play. But Lear is undone in a linear fashion, every scene he is present in, he loses something new. Anthony's downfall seems to be programmed from the start, given his two contrasting lives. The only similarity between the two worlds of "King Lear" and "Anthony and Cleopatra" seems to be in Lear and Cleopatra's imaginative capacity to, respectively, create a storm in the mind that becomes reality, and to ...

Biography of Georges Seurat, Father of Pointillism

Biography of Georges Seurat, Father of Pointillism Georges Seurat (December 2, 1859 – March 29, 1891) was a French painter of the post-impressionist era. He’s best known for developing the techniques of pointillism and chromoluminarism, and one of his iconic paintings was instrumental in ushering in the era of Neo-Impressionism. Fast Facts: Georges Seurat Full Name:  Georges-Pierre SeuratOccupation: ArtistKnown For: Creating the techniques of pointillism and chromoluminarism, with scenes emphasizing smooth lines and colors blended by visual observation, not mixed pigmentsBorn: December 2, 1859 in Paris, FranceDied: March 29, 1891 in Paris, FrancePartner: Madeleine Knobloch (1868-1903)Children: Pierre-Georges (1890-1891), unnamed child (died at birth, 1891)Notable Works:  Bathers at Asnià ¨res, A Sunday Afternoon on the Island of La Grande Jatte, The Channel of Gravelines, Petit Fort Philippe Early Life Georges Seurat was the third and youngest child of Antoine Chrysostome Seurat and Ernestine Seurat (nà ©e Faivre). The couple already had a son, Émile Augustin, and a daughter, Marie-Berthe. Thanks to Antoine’s success in property speculation, the family enjoyed considerable wealth. Antoine lived separately from his family, visiting them weekly rather than living under the same roof. Georges Seurat began studying art early; his first studies occurred at the École Municipale de Sculpture et Dessin, an art academy run by the sculptor Justin Lequien near the Seurat family’s home in Paris. In 1878, he moved to the École des Beaux-Arts, where his studies followed the typical courses of the time, focusing on copying and drawing from existing works. He finished his artistic training in 1879 and left for a year of military service. Early Career and Innovation When he returned from his military service, Seurat shared a studio with his friend and fellow artist Edmond Aman-Jean, where he worked to master the art of monochrome drawing. In 1883, he had his first work exhibited: a crayon drawing of Aman-Jean. The same year, he spent most of his time working on his first major painting, Bathers at Asnià ¨res. Final Study for Bathers at Asnieres by Georges Seurat. Francis G. Mayer / Getty Images Although Bathers at Asnià ¨res had some impressionistic influences, specifically in its use of light and color, it broke from that tradition with its textures and outlined figures. His process also departed from impressionism, as he sketched out several drafts of the piece before actually starting to work on the final canvas itself. The painting was rejected by the Paris Salon; instead, Seurat showed it in May 1884 at the Groupe des Artistes Indà ©pendants. Among that society, he met and befriended several other artists. However, the society’s disorganization soon frustrated Seurat and some of his friends, and together, they split from the Indà ©pendants to create a new artists’ society of their own, called the Socià ©tà © des Artistes Indà ©pendants. Georges Seurat was heavily influenced by contemporary ideas about color theory, which he tried to apply to his own works. He subscribed to the idea of a scientific approach to painting with color: that there was a natural law to the way colors worked together to evoke emotion in art, similar to how musical tones worked together in harmony or dissonance. Seurat believed that he could create a new artistic â€Å"language† using perception, color, and lines. He called this theoretical visual language â€Å"chromoluminarism;† today, it’s included under the term divisionism, referring to how the technique requires the eye to combine adjacent colors, rather than the artist mixing pigments before painting. Family Life and Famous Work Right on the heels of the debut of Bathers at Asnià ¨res, Seurat began work on his next piece, which would come to be his most famous and enduring legacy. A Sunday Afternoon on the Island of La Grande Jatte depicts members of different social classes all spending a leisure afternoon at a park on the waterfront of the Seine in Paris. Sunday on the Island of la Grande Jatte by Georges Seurat. To create the painting, Seurat used his color and pointillism techniques, using tiny dots of individual colors overlapping and adjacent to each other so that they would be â€Å"blended† by viewers’ eyes, rather than mixing the paints themselves. He also prepared for the painting by spending significant time at the park he depicted, sketching his surroundings. The resulting painting measures 10 feet wide and currently is displayed at the Art Institute of Chicago. A smaller, related study, Study for A Sunday Afternoon on the Island of La Grande Jatte, resides in New York City in the Metropolitan Museum of Art. Although Seurat never married, he had a significant romantic relationship with Madeleine Knobloch, an artist’s model. She was the model for his 1889/1890 painting Jeune femme se poudrant, but they took pains to conceal their relationship for some time. In 1889, she moved into Seurats apartment, and she became pregnant sometime in 1889. The couple moved to a new apartment to accommodate their family, and Knobloch gave birth to their son, Pierre-Georges, on February 16, 1890. Final Years and Legacy During the summer of 1890, Seurat spent most of his time at the commune of Graveline, along the coast. He was incredibly prolific that summer, producing four canvas paintings, eight oil panels, and several drawings. Out of his works from that time period, the most notable was his painting The Channel of Gravelines, Petit Fort Philippe. The Channel at Gravelines, in the Direction of the Sea by Georges Seurat. Francis G. Mayer / Getty Images Georges Seurat began working on another painting, The Circus, but he did not live to continue innovating and working. In March 1891 he fell ill, and on March 29, he died at his parents’ home in Paris. The nature of the illness that caused his death is unknown; theories include meningitis, diptheria, and pneumonia. Whatever the illness was, he passed it on to his son Pierre-Georges, who died weeks later. Madeleine Knobloch was pregnant at the time, but their second child did not survive long after birth. Seurat was buried on March 31, 1891 at Cimetià ¨re du Pà ¨re-Lachaise, the largest cemetery in Paris. He left behind a legacy of significant artistic innovation, despite dying at the very young age of 31. Seurat’s use of color and his work with pointillism have been his most enduring artistic legacies. In 1984, nearly a century after his death, Seurat’s most famous painting became the inspiration for a Broadway musical by Stephen Sondheim and James Lapine. Sunday in the Park with George is inspired by the painting, and the first act of the musical depicts Seurat himself in a highly fictionalized way, imagining his creative process. The musical focuses more on his artistic pursuits but also does depict a fictionalized version of his personal life, notably in the character of his mistress â€Å"Dot,† who seems to be an avatar for Madeleine Knobloch. Art students still study Georges Seurat today, and his influence on other artists began not long after his death. The cubist movement looked at his linear structures and form, which then influenced their ongoing artistic developments. And of course, even young children in the modern world learn about pointillism, usually through A Sunday Afternoon. Despite his short life, Georges Seurat established himself as a key and permanent player in the art world. Sources Courthion, Pierre. â€Å"Georges Seurat: French Painter.† Encyclopaedia Britannica, https://www.britannica.com/biography/Georges-Seurat.Georges Seurat, 1859–1891. New York: Metropolitan Museum of Art. 1991Jooren, Marieke; Veldink, Suzanne; Berger, Helewise.  Seurat. Krà ¶ller-Mà ¼ller Museum, 2014.

Glenn Mucrutt essays

Glenn Mucrutt essays Cindy Sherman is one of the most famous photographers in the world. She challenges the notions of femininity, but not a feminist. Sherman is the youngest child in her family. She was born in January 19th of 1954. She was an only child grew up in her family because her older siblings had left. She was a lonely girl in her childhood. TV was a major influence during her growing up life. When she was young, she liked to dress-ups to be another people. Sherman wanted to study art at school, and the particular one she wanted to learn was painting, but her mother suggested her to be an art teacher and parents wont let her study in New York because that place was very dangerous in the 70s. As her decision of art and her braveness, she went to State University College in Buffalo in 1972. Unfortunately, Cindy Sherman failed her compulsory photography component of her course because she could not understand the technical aspects. She must pass the photography subject and then she could pass her Bachelor of Arts. At that difficult time, there was a lecturer (Barbara Jo Revelle) told her that techniques not important, the idea is important. In 1974, Cindy Sherman met a painter who was named Robert Longo and starts a relationship. At that time, Sherman began to collect detritus from Thrift shops and started to think who would wear these things. This man effect Cindy Shermans art life and he also suggested her to record Untitled A-E in exhibition. Movies, dramatic, posturing of silent films, nostalgic films, nostalgic films Cutouts all effected Cindy Shermans art work. The first year in her success journey was very hard, but a breakthrough occurs, she was invited to David Salles studio with Longo. Sherman was fascinated by some old photos which remind her of an idea she has been thinking about. After that, she began her first new work in New York is U ...

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The Feast of the Goat By Mario Vargas Llosa - Research Paper Example Most of the Latin American countries assumed the authoritarian governance (Duiker and Spielvogel 732). One of the dictators during that time was General Rafael Trujillo of the Dominican Republic. He ruled from 1930 to 1961 and used all means to acquire and gain more wealth even with the expense of the Dominicans. He controlled every aspect of the Dominican Republic and also controlled the economic resources of the country, which in return brought him personal wealth. Nonetheless, Trujillo’s regime ended, but the fear that it had inculcated in the minds of the Dominicans lingered longer. This was depicted during the stay of Mario Vargas Llosa in the country. In the span of eight months, Vargas Llosa witnessed the fear that Trujillo left to the Dominican Republic which inspired him to write The Feast of the Goat in 2000 (Vedovato 25; Kristal and King 212). 2.0 Mario Vargas Llosa Mario Vargas Llosa is considered as one of the most famous Latin American authors. His ability to inc orporate the past and present in his works affixes the reader from the beginning to the end. Vargas Llosa is considered as a keen observer of societal events and activities in relation to corruption of the government (Benson, Hellander, and Wlodarski 45). In addition, Vargas Llosa considered three life experiences that had brought him to writing his literary pieces. The first one is his experience of violence on the hands of his father, which brought him to distaste his relationship with him. He also considered his unpleasant experience at the military academy in Lima as a window in understanding the injustice and brutal acts of the party-colored under the military regime of General Odria during 1948 to 1956. The second life-changing experience that molded him was during the time when Heberto Padilla, a Cuban poet undergone a shameful trial. This was during the regime of Fidel Castro and was done in order for other leftist writers, like Vargas Llosa, to end their protest against the government. The turning point was when Vargas Llosa’s cowriters succumbed to the demand of Castro, and they left him. For this reason, Vargas Llosa decided to shift his literary genre to erotic and humorous novels. Lastly, the final turning point in Vargas Llosa’s life was when he ran for the presidency in Peru against Alberto Fujimori in 1990. He did not win during the election, but this did not upset him. According to him, he was saddened because of the fact that his fellow citizens chose another authoritarian to govern and lead them. Nonetheless, despite these experiences, he still has an interest in politics while adding that he considers himself as a liberal, and that he believes in every individual’s freedom. According to him, being a liberal is the freedom of a person to define his or her own nationality (Foley 3-4; Zapata 62). Aside from his political interests, Vargas Llosa is also concerned of the presence of political extremism in Latin America. This was also one of the reasons why he ran for the presidency because he was alarmed of the political extremism of the Right and Left. This has even been supplemented with violent movements by the Shining Path Socialist. Moreover, he also opposes the dictatorship of the nationalism of the Right and the collectivism of the Left. He strongly believes in democracy and freedom from which he declares himself as a liberal (Foley 4-5). 3.0 The Feast of the Goat 3.1 Genre and Theme The novel The Feast of the Goat by Vargas Llosa focuses on the theme of a society that is

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Race Relations in the United States - Essay Example For example, we know that by definition a species is essentially composed of organisms with the same number and pairs of chromosomes. This is also true for human beings. We are all within one species though gene expression and allele acquisition from parents, may differ slightly throughout populations. The old saying â€Å"knowledge is power† is incredibly useful in this explanation as we are living in a time where there is little room for the arguments of the past which served to segregate human beings based on the color of their skin. Due to recent scientific breakthroughs of the past twenty years, we now know skin color is little more than a variation of the amount of melanin (skin pigmentation) which an individual happens to produce or express. Science has given us the power of knowledge which reminds us that quantitative and non subjective data is indisputable and will permanently outlast any argument which ignorantly tries to suggest that human beings are not created or evolved equally. Race relations of the present in the United States are certainly not perfect but are progressively evolving with time. The genome project as well as other evolutions of contemporary knowledge has essentially laid the foundation for a society which is more inclined to frown upon those who hold strongly to racist ideology and belief systems, rather than to frown on varying cultures or ethnicities. We are living in a sociological and political climate which embraces knowledge, education and information. Because of this, the marginal.

Business Environment Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Business Environment - Assignment Example Fred Smith was the founder of the company. Recently it has been converted into Public Limited Company. The subsequent part of the project would be dealing with the changes that have taken place in the business environment of the computer industry in the form of an informational report. Purpose The main purpose of the organizations like Smith Electronics is offering quality products to the customers so that they can assemble the computer according to their own wish. The company facilitates the customers by offering them a wide range of quality products. These products are manufactured by taking into consideration three main factors: a) Cost Effectiveness, b) Modularity and c) Maximum Reliability. The company aims at achieving customer satisfaction by means of efficient and proficient personnel. The company’s team of professionals has good understanding of the industrial necessities which would help them in upholding the managerial works in an excellent manner. The purpose of th e organization is making consistent performance by manufacturing quality products so that it supports Smith Electronics in having huge acceptance throughout the UK market and European Union. The company plans to perform its functions along with maintenance of smooth cooperation with the valued customers. The latest technologies which are user friendly are implemented within the products in order to increase the demand as well as the customer satisfaction. The goal of the organization is to make the experience of the customers highly satisfactory and convenient. This enables making long term relationship with them. The professionals in the company are employed after proper testing of their skills. In order to provide excellent experience to the customers, the employees are trained specially about how to interact with the customers. The success of an organization depends to a great extent upon the demand of its products and services in the operational market. Smith Electronics focuses on increasing the annual demand of its products which might help it in achieving a global recognition. The organization is committed towards bringing excellent computing experience to the customers in United Kingdom and European Union. The goal of the company would stimulate its performance by guiding the operational activities. However, Smith Electronics holds good position in the computer industry of United Kingdom and European Union in aspects of the customer service, product quality and the store’s design. The extent to which Smith Electronics meets the objectives of the stakeholders The business objectives are those ends which the organizations set out for achieving. The organizations plan for strategies in order to achieve these objectives. The stakeholders are important part of the organization (Phillips 6). The objectives of Smith Electronics are set by balancing the demands of the stakeholders in the organization as maintenance of cordial relationship with them is v ery important (Svendsen 2). The objectives of the organization have been established after blending the interests of all the stakeholders. The stakeholders of Smith Electronics always have an influence in its actions or operations. The major stakeholders include the shareholders, employees, creditors, bondholders and customers (â€Å"American Institutes for Research Capstone Project†

Race Relations in the United States Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Race Relations in the United States - Essay Example For example, we know that by definition a species is essentially composed of organisms with the same number and pairs of chromosomes. This is also true for human beings. We are all within one species though gene expression and allele acquisition from parents, may differ slightly throughout populations. The old saying â€Å"knowledge is power† is incredibly useful in this explanation as we are living in a time where there is little room for the arguments of the past which served to segregate human beings based on the color of their skin. Due to recent scientific breakthroughs of the past twenty years, we now know skin color is little more than a variation of the amount of melanin (skin pigmentation) which an individual happens to produce or express. Science has given us the power of knowledge which reminds us that quantitative and non subjective data is indisputable and will permanently outlast any argument which ignorantly tries to suggest that human beings are not created or evolved equally. Race relations of the present in the United States are certainly not perfect but are progressively evolving with time. The genome project as well as other evolutions of contemporary knowledge has essentially laid the foundation for a society which is more inclined to frown upon those who hold strongly to racist ideology and belief systems, rather than to frown on varying cultures or ethnicities. We are living in a sociological and political climate which embraces knowledge, education and information. Because of this, the marginal.

The Mind Is the Best Medicine Essay Example for Free

The Mind Is the Best Medicine Essay The mind is the most powerful tool a man can use. The body is nothing without the mind. It gives us power to have a wild imagination and have infinite ideas. If the mind has delightful ideas, your body will survive and prosper. If the mind has immoral ideas, your body will stress and decay over time. Although the mind is very powerful, it is up to the person to control it. In As A Man Thinketh, James Allen elaborates on how the body is the servant to the mind. He also states how good thoughts are key to achieving a healthy body. Man can achieve prodigious health in the mind, and body, by simply having pure thoughts. Disease and health, like circumstances, are rooted in thought. Sickly thoughts will express themselves through a sickly body (Allen12). Thoughts are the foundation of the body (Chu). Our body works off of what we think and feel everyday. If you have negative thoughts, your body will be very ill. A healthy body shall not have immortal thoughts. A healthy body has positive thoughts that pass through the body. The people who live in fear for disease will usually get it. This is because of the negative thoughts running through the body affects your health. Anxiety will completely demoralize the body (Cramer), which will give disease a great chance to attack. While impure thoughts will shut down the nervous system. Strong, pure, and happy thoughts build up the body in vigor and grace. The body is a delicate and plastic instrument, which responds readily to the thoughts by which it is impressed, and habits of thought will produce their own effects, good or bad, upon it (Allen 12). Pure thoughts will clean the body of anxiety. Whenever thoughts are pure, it detoxes the body of all the negativity. The results of pure thinking will only shed good results. When the mind is pure, the body is healthy. Men will continue to have impure blood as long as they propagate unclean thoughts. Negative thoughts only harm the body, which will cause harm in the future. Change of diet will not help a man who won’t changes his thoughts (Allen). Although diet is important to stay healthy, thought is much stronger than food. A man who eats ruthless will also have impure thoughts. Men who can’t control what they eat, usually have trouble controlling their mind. If you can’t control your stomach, you certainly wont be able to control your thoughts. Temptation is very strong, but you mind is even stronger. When a man makes his thoughts pure, he has no longer desire for impure food. If you would perfect your body, guard your mind. If you would renew your body, beautify your mind. Thoughts of malice, envy, disappointment, despondency, rob the body of its health and grace. A sour face does not come by chance; it is made by sour thoughts (Allen12). Having a thick face is also important for a healthy body and mind. You shouldn’t let others get in your way of pure thoughts. Envy is the cause of impure thoughts. You shouldn’t envy a person, bur rather succeed and surpass the person. Disappointment also causes impure thoughts to the body. You shouldn’t be disappointed but rather appreciative of what you have. All of these thoughts can be controlled by the mind. Having these feelings will cause depression, which means you can’t control your thoughts. Impure thoughts will slowly harm the body causing major damage to the mind. There is no physician like cheerful thought for dissipating the ills of the body; there is no comforter to compare with goodwill for dispersing the shadows of grief and sorrow. To live continually in thoughts of ill-will, cynicism, suspicion, and envy, is to be confined in a self-made prison-hole. But to think well of all, to be cheerful with all, and to patiently learn to find the good in all such unselfish thoughts are the very portals of heaven; and to dwell day by day in thoughts of peace toward every creature will bring abounding peace to their possessor (Allen 12). You don’t need a doctor to tell you how to use your mind. You should be your own doctor, because you are the one controlling your thoughts. Positive thoughts will keep you away from the doctor. If you have corrupted thoughts, you are just digging a whole for yourself (Cramer). If you have constant impure thoughts, the body will be under major stress. When the stress builds up so does all the impure thoughts. The body does not function efficiently with these impure ideas. Causing harm to the mind and body, one shall get rid of impure thoughts. They who have no central purpose in their life fall an easy prey to petty worries, fears, troubles, and self-pitying, all of which lead, just as surely as deliberately planned sins (though by a different route), to failure, unhappiness, and loss, for weakness cannot persist in a power-evolving universe (Allen 14). People who don’t know what to do in life will have impure thoughts. One who thinks of small problems will have major anxiety causing harm to the body. If you can’t control your thoughts, little things will tend to bother you. Even though these problems are not major, it can lead you to bigger problems. These impure thoughts ill only lead you to failure. Having small problems on your mind will only cause you to think of more problems that you already have. When all the impure thoughts build up, it will be very difficult to have any pure thoughts in your mind. A man should conceive of a legitimate purpose in his heart, and set out to accomplish it. He should mak e this purpose the centralizing point of his thoughts. It may take the form of a spiritual ideal, or it may be a worldly object, according to his nature at the time being; but whichever it is, he should steadily focus his thought forces upon the object which he has set before him. He should make this purpose his supreme duty, and should devote himself to its attainment, not allowing his thoughts to wander away into ephemeral fancies, longings, and imaginings (Allen 14). You are the one controlling yours thoughts. Another person should not be the creator of yours thoughts. You should think deeply of your thoughts and not let them go to waste. The mind is very powerful and the thoughts are its artwork. You should take your time in making a great piece of artwork. If your thoughts are impure, the art will come out with dark colors. If your thoughts are pure, your art will come out with extravagant colors. You should have a legitimate purpose for your ideas. Once a great thought has come to you, you should set forth and try to accomplish it. Thoughts are just in your head if you don’t do anything about it. The important part is accomplishing your pure thoughts. With great accomplishments comes a great thought. A man can only rise, conquer, and achieve greatness by uplifting his thoughts. Thinking positive is very important because it gives you a sense of direction. If a person has negative thoughts, they usually wont come up with many pure thoughts. Negative thinking can harm the body and mind to look at the downside of things. Positive thinking on the other hand, is essential to pure ideas. A positive thinker has a pathway to pure ideas. You cannot achieve a lot of things with negative thinking. Men will remain weak, and abject, and miserable by refusing to lift up his thoughts. The body is nothing without the mind. Our mind is the creator of our thoughts. Whether our thoughts are pure or impure; our body does not function properly without our mind. To sustain a healthy lifestyle, one should have pure thoughts. Your body is not healthy if your thoughts are not pure. Strong, pure, and happy thoughts build up the body in vigor and grace. The body is a delicate and plastic instrument, which responds readily to the thoughts by which it is impressed, and habits of thought will produce their own effects, good or bad, upon it (Allen 12). Impure ideas will only cause harm to the body. Impure thoughts lead the body to undergo stress, which leads to disease. One should not worry so much because harm will come to the ones who worry most. Anxiety will only cause harm, and ruin your positive thoughts. Having pure ideas is important to staying healthy. Man can achieve prodigious health in the mind, and body, by simply having pure thoughts. Works Cited Allen, James. As A Man Thinketh. White Plains, NY: Peter Pauper Press, 1970. Chu, Chin-Ning. Thick Face Black Heart. NY,NY: Warner Books , 1994. Cramer, Michael. Power moments: positive motivation and powerful inspiration. Brentwood, TN: JM Press, 2002. Deci, Edward L. Why we do what we do: the dynamics of personal autonomy. New York: Putnams Sons, 1995.

The Effectiveness of Benson’s Relaxation Therapy

The Effectiveness of Benson’s Relaxation Therapy ABSTRACT A study to evaluate the effectiveness of Benson’s relaxation therapy on reduction of pain and stress among post caesarean mothers admitted in KMCH, Coimbatore Objectives of the study are, To assess the level of pain and stress among post caesarean mothers before intervention in both control and experimental group, To assess the effectiveness of Benson’s relaxation therapy on reducing pain and stress among post caesarean mothers in experimental group and to find out the association between pain and stress with demographic and clinical profile. Time Series design was adopted for this study. Setting of the study is OBG wards in KMCH, Coimbatore. Sample size is totally 100 post caesarean mothers. (50 in the experimental group and 50 in the control group). Non probability purposive sampling technique was used. Titler et el(2004) effectiveness model was framed. Pain perception level was assessed by using 0-10 numerical pain scale, stress was assessed using Hung’s postpartum stress scale. Intervention: Pain was measured by numerical pain scale before and after providing the Benson’s relaxation therapy for 3 consecutive days, twice daily. Stress was measured by Hung’s Postpartum stress scale, Pre test is done on the 1st day morning before intervention and post test is done on the 3rd day evening after intervention. Benson’s relaxation therapy is effective in reducing the pain perception and stress in mothers who underwent LSCS. On comparing the pre test pain perception levels between the experimental and control group the ‘t’ value was not significant at 0.01 level of significance in pre test 1 whereas it was significant in the rest five observations. Comparison of the post test pain perception levels among the experimental and control group showed that the ‘t’ value was significant at 0.01 level of significance for all the six observations of post test. Hence there is a statistically significant difference in the post test pain perception scores in the experimental group. Similarly, on comparing the pre test stress scores in both experimental and control group the ‘t’ value was not significant at 0.01 level of significance whereas the ‘t’ value was significant on comparing the post stress scores among both experimental and control group, thus proving that there is a statistically significant difference in the post test stress scores in the experimental group. Conclusion: The results supported that Benson’s relaxation therapy is a simple therapy of non pharmacological measure and is effective in reducing the pain perception and stress in mothers who underwent LSCS. REFERENCES BOOKS: Arenson., Drake.P.P (2007). Maternal and Newborn Health. 1st ed. Surbury: Jones and Barlett publishers. Basavanthappa, B.T (1998), Nursing Research. 1st ed. Bangalore: Jaypee Brothers. Basbarm, H.,Fields, (1984). Textbook of pain.(4th ed.). Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone. Bennet, V. R., Brow, L. K (2003). Myles Textbook for Midwives. 15th ed. Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders Company. Burns, N. (1993). Nursing Research. 2nd ed. Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders Company. Cunningham, G., et al., (2005). Williams Obstetrics. 22nd ed. USA: McGRAW- Hill. Medical Publishing Division. Daftary, S. N., Chakravarthi, S., (2012). Manual of obstetrics. 3rd ed. India: Elsevier publications. Dickson e j., Silverman BL., Kaplan JA(1998) . Maternal infant nursing care 3rd ed. Missouri: Mosby Dutta DC (2006) Textbook of Obstetrics including Perinatology and Contraception 6th ed. Calcutta : new central book agency (p) ltd. Fraser DM Cooper M A (2009) Myles textbook for midwives 15th ed. China: Churchill livingstone. Gupta S P (2000) Statistical method 8th ed. new Delhi : Sulthan Chans sons Herbert Benson M.D.,Miriam Z. Klipper(2000) The Relaxation response 25th ed.Boston: HarperCollinsPublishers. James H. Humphrey (2005) Anthology of Stress Revisited 9th ed. New York: Nova publishers. Klossner N J Hatfield N (2005) Introductory maternity nursing. 1st ed. New Delhi: Pearson education. Kothari C.R (2000) Research methodology. 2nd ed. New Delhi: Wishwa prakasan. Lowdermilk DL Perry,S.E. (2010) Maternity nursing 8th ed. USA: Mosby . Elsevier. Mc Caffery Margo(1979) Nursing management of patient with pain 2nd ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott. Murray Mc Kinney (2010) Foundations of Maternal New born women’s health nursing Canada: Elsevier publications. Murvay S E (2002). Foundation of Maternal New born nursing 3rd ed. Philadelphia: Saunders. Padubidri.V Anand. E (2006) Textbook of obstetrics 1st ed. New Delhi :B I publications. Pilliteri A (2007) Maternity and child health nursing 5th ed. New York Lippincott company. Polit DF ungler BP (1999) Nursing research principles and methods 5th ed Philadelphia Lippincott company . Potter Perry (2009) Fundamentals of Nursing 7th ed. Philadelphia: Mosby Raile.M.A., Marriner A T (1997) Nursing theory utilization and application. 6th ed. Philadelphia: Mosby. Reeder J.S ., Martin Koniak G.D (1997) Maternity nursing: family , new born and women’s health care (17th ed.) Philadelphia: Lippincott company. Serge Doublet (2000) The Stress Myth 1st ed. Pennsylvania: Science Humanities Press ONLINE JOURNALS: Abdalrahim, M.S., Majali, S. A., Stomberg, M. W., Bergbom, I. (2011). The effect of postoperative pain management programme on improving nurses’ knowledge and attitude towards pain. Nurse Education in practice, 11(4), 250-255. Retrieved from www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov Boston, MA., (2009). Eliciting the Relaxation Response. Lifestyle Medicine: Tools for Promoting Healthy Change., retrieved from http://www.mbmi.org Bagheri-Nesami M,Mohseni-Bandpei MA,Shayesteh-Azar M (2006) The effect of Benson Relaxation Technique on rheumatoid arthritis patients: extended report: International journal of nursing practice volume 12, Issue 4, 214-219 Retrieved from http://www.pubmed.com Chich-Hsiu Hung Hsin-Hsin Chung (2001) The effects of postpartum stress and social support on postpartum women’s health status: Journal of Advanced Nursing Vol 36,Issue 5, 676–684 Retrieved from http://www.pubmed.com Chung, J. W., Lui, J. C.(2008). Post operative pain management: study of patients’ level of pain and satisfaction with health care providers’ responsiveness to their reports of pain. Nursing health sciences,5(1), 13-21. Retrieved from www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc article Eelco Olde., Onno van der., Hart Rolf Kleber Maarten van Son (2006) Posttraumatic stress following childbirth: A review Clinical Psychology Review 26 (2006) 1 – 16 Retrieved from http://www.sciencedirect.com Francis, L., Fitzpatrick, J. J (2012). Post operative pain: Nurses’ knowledge and Patients’ experiences. Pain Management nursing. Retrieved from www.pain management nursing.org Home L(2006). Post C. S analgesia : Effective strategies and association with chronic pain. British Journal of Anaesthesiology. 19(3), 244 -248. Retrieved from www.nms.journal.com Jan van Dixhoorna., Adrian White (2012) Relaxation therapy for rehabilitation and prevention in ischaemic heart disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis: Europeon journal of preventive cardiology Volume 21, Issue 5, 65-59 Retrieved from http://www.pubmed.com Jan van Dixhoorn,Hugo J. Duivenvoorden, Hans A. 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A., (2001) Chronic pain after surgery, The British journal of Anaesthesia, 87(1), 89-98 Retrieved from www.soulstice wellness.com Madhavi., et.al (2013) Implementing Bensons relaxation training in hemodialysis patients: Changes in perceived stress, anxiety, and depression: Complementary therapies in Medicine Vol. 5, Issue 9, 536-540 retrieved from http://www.complementarytherapiesinmedicine.com Marion Good (2006) Effects of relaxation and music on postoperative pain: a review : Journal of Advanced Nursing Volume 24,Issue 5,905–914 retrieved from www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov MasoumeRambod., et., al., (2013) Evaluation of the effect of Bensons relaxation technique on pain and quality of life of haemodialysis patients: A randomized controlled trial: Complementary therapies in Medicine Vol. 21, Issue 5, 481-486 retrieved from http://www.complementarytherapiesinmedicine.com Maureen Wimberly Groer, Mitzi Wilkinson Davis Jean Hemphill (2006) Postpartum Stress: Current concepts and the possible Protective Role of breast feeding: Journal of Obstetric, Gynecologic, Neonatal Nursing, Vol 31,Issue 4, 411–417 retrieved from http://www.pubmed.com Reynold, J. L (199) Post-traumatic stress disorder after childbirth: the phenomenon of traumatic birth: CMAJ,vol. 156no. 6 Retrieved from http://www.cmaj.com Sousa, L.D., Pitangui, A. C. R., Gomes, F,A., Nakano, A.M.S., Ferreira, C. (2009). Measurement and characteristics of post – caesarean section pain and the relationship tp limitation of physical activities. Acta Paulista de Enfermafem, 22(6), 741-747. Retrieved from www.scielo.br/pdf/ape. Soderquist. J, K. WijmaB. Wijma(2002) Traumatic stress after childbirth: Role of Obstetrical variable: Journal of Psychosomatic Obstetrics and Gynaecology vol 23, No. 1, 31-39 retrieved from http://www.informahealthcare.com Tetti Solehati,S.Kp.,M.Kep.(2011) The effect of benson relaxation to pain intensity of post secarean section client in Sumedang hospital and Al Ihsan hospital Bandung: The Association of Indonesian Nurse Education Center. Retrieved from www.aipni-ainec.com Tobias Esch., Gregory L. Fricchione., George B. Stefano (2003) The therapeutic use of the relaxation response in stress-related diseases : Journal of Complementary therapies, Volume 9 (2): 23-34, Retrieved from http://www.medscimonit.com Varunyupa Roykulcharoen Marion Good (2004) Systematic relaxation to relieve postoperative pain: Journal of Advanced Nursing Volume 48,Issue 2,pages 140–148 retrieved from www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov Wadden TA,de la Torre CS (1980) Relaxation therapy as an adjunct treatment for essential hypertension: Journal of Family Practice volume11(6):901-908 Retrieved from http://www.pubmed.com Zainab Shaban (2013) Childbirth a traumatic event: Iran Red Crescent Medical Journal vol 15. No.3 177-182 Retrieved from www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. NEWSPAPER REPORTS: Sreedevi, K. (2011) Nov.26, C.S. pain. Retrieved from www.timesofindia.com UNPUBLISHED THESIS Ria Ann Kurian., (2013). Effectiveness of hand and foot massage on pain reduction among post caesarean women in Kovai medical center and hospital, Coimbatore. Unpublished M.Sc., Nursing Dissertation, KMCH College of Nursing, Coimbatore, The Tamilnadu DR. M.G.R Medical University, Chennai.